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However, due to infrastructural constraints, we need to understand more about the spatial interactions among ESs in most African countries. Therefore, we took 48 African countries, 5 African geopolitical regions, and the African continent as case studies to diagnose the spatial trade-offs and synergies among 17 ESs and 8 types of land use and land cover (LULC) in 2000 and 2019. The implications of our findings at the national, regional, continental, and global levels were explored. To achieve this, we mapped the spatial distributions of the 17 ESs at the continental level using classified land cover data from MODIS remotely sensed data, with a spectral band between 0.405 and 14.385 \u00b5m and a spatial resolution of 500 m. Then, we used Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient to determine the spatial interactions among the 17 ESs. The results show that regulation services showed synergies at the continental level in gas regulation (0.66), climate regulation (0.71), disturbance regulation (0.14), water regulation (0.53), water supply (0.71), and waste treatment (0.06). Moreover, we found moderate levels of interactions among most ESs in the 48 countries, with most regulating services and supporting services exhibiting trade-offs with other categories of ESs, among other findings. The results will inform scientific communities and authorities at all levels on how to deliver human well-being and quality of life, and usher in a sustainable change where we expect better ecosystem management and ecological conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:54:01Z","timestamp":1689728041000},"page":"3588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Trade-Offs and Synergies among 17 Ecosystem Services in Africa: A Long-Term Multi-National Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Uzoma S.","family":"Ogbodo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}]},{"given":"Shuguang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"Nanjing Prosper Institute of Eco-Environment Engineering, Building 33, 70 Feinikesi Road, Jiangning Development Zone Headquarters Base, Nanjing 211100, China"}]},{"given":"Shuailong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4279-0226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiqiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2307\/1309037","article-title":"Extinction, Substitution, and Ecosystem Services","volume":"33","author":"Ehrlich","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002","article-title":"Changes in the global value of ecosystem services","volume":"26","author":"Costanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. 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