{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:22:28Z","timestamp":1760149348267,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Project of Key Laboratory, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2020D04041","2021A03001-3","U2003107","YLNURE202212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020D04041","2021A03001-3","U2003107","YLNURE202212"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China","award":["2020D04041","2021A03001-3","U2003107","YLNURE202212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020D04041","2021A03001-3","U2003107","YLNURE202212"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020D04041","2021A03001-3","U2003107","YLNURE202212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020D04041","2021A03001-3","U2003107","YLNURE202212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Resources and Ecology, Yili Normal University","award":["2020D04041","2021A03001-3","U2003107","YLNURE202212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020D04041","2021A03001-3","U2003107","YLNURE202212"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rock geochemical methods are effective for geological surveys, but typical sampling and laboratory-based analytical methods are time-consuming and costly. However, using visible\u2013near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate the metal element content of rock is an alternative method. This study discussed the potential of hyperspectral estimation of Cu and its significant associated elemental content. Ninety-five rock samples were collected from the Kalatage Yudai copper\u2013nickel deposit in Hami, Xinjiang. The effects of different spectral resolutions, spectral preprocessing, band indices, and characteristic band selection on the estimation of the element contents of Fe, Cu, Co, and Ti were investigated. The results show that when the spectral resolution is 5 nm, good results are obtained for all four metal elements, Fe, Cu, Co, and Ti, with the coefficients of determination R2 reaching 0.54, 0.59, 0.41, and 0.78, respectively. The best results are obtained for all transformed spectra with continuum removal, inverse transformation, continuum removal, and logarithmic transformation, respectively. In addition, the accuracy of the estimation models constructed by combining band indices and feature band selection was superior compared with full-band spectra for Fe (R2 = 0.654, MAE = 1.27%, and RPD = 1.498), Cu (R2 = 0.694, MAE = 20.509, and RPD = 1.711), Co (R2 = 0.805, MAE = 2.573, and RPD = 2.199), and Ti (R2 = 0.501, MAE = 0.04%, and RPD = 1.412). The results indicate that using band indices can provide a more accurate estimation of metal element content, providing a new technical method for the efficient acquisition of regional mineralization indicator element content distribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:54:01Z","timestamp":1689728041000},"page":"3591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estimation of the Multielement Content in Rocks Based on a Combination of Visible\u2013Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and Band Index Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Guo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Digital Geology, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Centre for Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4625-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Digital Geology, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Centre for Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Digital Geology, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Centre for Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5133-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuguang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Digital Geology, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Centre for Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5359-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Digital Geology, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Centre for Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Digital Geology, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Centre for Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Digital Geology, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Research Centre for Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Resources and Ecology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China"},{"name":"College of biological and Geographical Sciences, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianglian","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"No. 1 Geological Part, BGMRED of Xinjiang, Changji 831100, 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