{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:03:43Z","timestamp":1768586623583,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1806214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1806214"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018YFD0900806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0900806"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["U1806214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1806214"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFD0900806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0900806"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integrated land-sea development and protection are important for the sustainable development of coastal areas. To promote the transition from separate land-sea management to integrated land-sea governance, the scientific delineation of the integrated spatial zoning units of coastal watershed-nearshore waters is an important tool for integrated land-sea management. From the perspective of physical geography, this study uses digital hydrological analysis based on DEM data to determine the coastal basin range and generate multilevel watersheds and river networks using different thresholds, and establishes spatial correspondence among physical geospatial spaces, such as watershed zones, coastlines, and nearshore waters, after considering the boundaries of major estuaries and bays. On this basis, the coastal zone is divided into several integrated spatial zoning units of coastal watershed-nearshore waters, and a physical geography-based integrated spatial zoning method is developed to form a physical geography-based land-sea integrated spatial zoning scheme. This study conducted spatial heterogeneity research of the integrated spatial zoning units, from the perspectives of topography analysis, land use analysis, socioeconomic analysis of the watershed, sea use analysis, seawater quality analysis of the nearshore waters, and load pressure analysis of the watershed-nearshore waters. The elemental differences of zoning units are studied in detail, which can provide a data reference for establishing the relationship between watersheds and nearshore waters. Applying this research method to the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China, where the land-sea linkage pattern is forming, can provide a spatial reference and scientific basis for land-sea integrated management for ecological protection and sustainable resource utilization in the coastal zone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:54:01Z","timestamp":1689728041000},"page":"3597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Integrated Zoning and Spatial Heterogeneity of Coastal Watershed-Nearshore Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-3865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coastal Science and Integrated Management, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3364-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honghua","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China"}]},{"given":"Zongling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2020.105507","article-title":"Spatial suitability evaluation of coastal zone, and zoning optimisation in ningbo, China","volume":"204","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.06.020","article-title":"Advancing land-sea integration for ecologically meaningful coastal conservation and management","volume":"237","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaucha, J., and Gee, K. (2019). Maritime Spatial Planning, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ancene.2016.01.005","article-title":"Land\u2013Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone: Past, present & future","volume":"12","author":"Ramesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anthropocene"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17410-2","article-title":"A transition to sustainable ocean governance","volume":"11","author":"Ruckelshaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11852-010-0098-z","article-title":"The integration of land and marine spatial planning","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Coast. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2017.10.015","article-title":"Land-sea integration of environmental regulation of land use\/land cover change-a case study of Bohai Bay, China","volume":"151","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16236-2","article-title":"Representing the function and sensitivity of coastal interfaces in Earth system models","volume":"11","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1259-6","article-title":"Integrated ocean management for a sustainable ocean economy","volume":"4","author":"Winther","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2018.11.001","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in promoting integrated coastal zone management in Algeria: Demonstration from the Algiers coast","volume":"168","author":"Khelil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaucha, J., and Gee, K. (2019). Maritime Spatial Planning, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2017.08.006","article-title":"Improving management of future coastal development in Qatar through ecosystem-based management approaches","volume":"148","author":"Burt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11852-021-00833-4","article-title":"Data integration and participatory process in developing integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in the northern Baltic Sea","volume":"25","author":"Hietala","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Coast. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2016.05.022","article-title":"Governance across the land-sea interface: A systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Pittman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144702","article-title":"Integrated Land-Sea Conservation Planning: The Missing Links","volume":"42","author":"Pressey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"429","article-title":"Integrated Coastal Reserve Planning: Making The Land-Sea Connection","volume":"3","author":"Stoms","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108860","article-title":"Exploring ecosystem responses to coastal exploitation and identifying their spatial determinants: Re-orienting ecosystem conservation strategies for landscape management","volume":"138","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022EF002966","DOI":"10.1029\/2022EF002966","article-title":"Linking Critical Zone With Watershed Science: The Example of the Heihe River Basin","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-020-9723-4","article-title":"Watershed science: Linking hydrological science with sustainable management of river basins","volume":"64","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/08920753.2011.544540","article-title":"Achieving Teamwork: Linking Watershed Planning and Coastal Zone Management in the Great Lakes","volume":"39","author":"Lawrence","year":"2011","journal-title":"Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.09.017","article-title":"Coastal zones in integrated river basin management in the West Coast of India: Delineation, boundary issues and implications","volume":"119","author":"Sreeja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-014-0754-4","article-title":"Integrated Ecosystem Management of River Basins and the Coastal Zone in Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Santana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106250","article-title":"The limits of coastal and marine areas in Andalusia (Spain). A socio-ecological approach for ecosystem-based management","volume":"120","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2012.01.016","article-title":"Integrated modeling for eco-compatible management of river basin complex around Ise bay, Japan","volume":"13","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"211","article-title":"Water Catchment Zone Mapping for Watershed Management in Gesing Sub-Watershed, Purworejo","volume":"3","author":"Widayani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geospat. Inf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.5958\/2455-7145.2019.00049.3","article-title":"Sub watershed characterization and prioritization using geoinformatics for natural resources management","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-020-00768-z","article-title":"Optimum prioritisation of sub-watersheds based on erosion-susceptible zones through modeling and GIS techniques","volume":"6","author":"Nag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10612","article-title":"Watershed delineation using hydrographic features and a DEM in plain river network region","volume":"30","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04014023","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000961","article-title":"Watershed Characteristics Extraction and Subsequent Terrain Analysis Based on Digital Elevation Model in Flat Region","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"245","article-title":"Automated analysis of the watershed of yarmouk basin using ASTER (DEM) data and GIS","volume":"45","author":"Alhusban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dirasat Hum. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2018.1526212","article-title":"Limitation of automatic watershed delineation tools in coastal region","volume":"24","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. GIS"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/land1010005","article-title":"Multi-Layer Assessment of Land Use and Related Changes for Decision Support in a Coastal Zone Watershed","volume":"1","author":"Gitau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2021.105058","article-title":"Novel hybrid coupling of ecohydrology and socioeconomy at river basin scale: A watershed system model for the Heihe River basin","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JG004436","article-title":"Control of Nitrogen Exports From River Basins to the Coastal Ocean: Evaluation of Basin Management Strategies for Reducing Coastal Hypoxia","volume":"123","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3597\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:14:27Z","timestamp":1760127267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15143597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15143597","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]}}}