{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T21:42:39Z","timestamp":1774042959005,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR) in the frame of the TIMELINE project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing multi-decadal time-series provide important information for analysing long-term environmental change. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) has been providing data since the early 1980s. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series derived thereof can be used for monitoring vegetation conditions. This study presents the novel TIMELINE NDVI product, which provides a consistent set of daily, 10-day, and monthly NDVI composites at a 1 km spatial resolution based on AVHRR data for Europe and North Africa, currently spanning the period from 1981 to 2018. After investigating temporal and spatial data availability within the TIMELINE monthly NDVI composite product, seasonal NDVI trends have been derived thereof for the period 1989\u20132018 to assess long-term vegetation change in Europe and northern Africa. The trend analysis reveals distinct patterns with varying NDVI trends for spring, summer and autumn for different regions in Europe. Integrating the entire growing season, the result shows positive NDVI trends for large areas within Europe that confirm and reinforce previous research. The analyses show that the TIMELINE NDVI product allows long-term vegetation dynamics to be monitored at 1 km resolution on a pan-European scale and the detection of specific regional and seasonal patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T05:42:01Z","timestamp":1689831721000},"page":"3616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Seasonal Vegetation Trends for Europe over 30 Years from a Novel Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Time-Series\u2014The TIMELINE NDVI Product"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6790-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Eisfelder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7302-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Asam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hirner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4277-9089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Reiners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7364-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Holzwarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8381-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8221-2554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Gessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Dietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Huth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6181-0187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Bachofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Kuenzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing, Institute of Geography and Geology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-02179-1","article-title":"Earth Is Warmer Than It\u2019s Been in 125,000 Years, Says Landmark Climate Report","volume":"596","author":"Tollefson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-020-00158-8","article-title":"When Climate Turns Nasty, What Are Recent and Future Implications? 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