{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:19:54Z","timestamp":1760149194028,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["109-2221-E-009-015-MY3","111-2611-M-A49-001","112PA005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2221-E-009-015-MY3","111-2611-M-A49-001","112PA005"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of the Interior, Taiwan","award":["109-2221-E-009-015-MY3","111-2611-M-A49-001","112PA005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2221-E-009-015-MY3","111-2611-M-A49-001","112PA005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studying the local sea level rise (SLR) is vital for coastal sustainability and resilience amid climate change. Using the latest altimeter data from the Sentinel-3B (S3B) and Jason-3 (J3) missions, we investigated the regional variability and accuracy of SLR rates around Taiwan and evaluated the accuracies of three mean sea surface (MSS) models: NCTUMSS, CLS15, and DTU18. NCTUMSS is a regional model for defining the new depth datum of Taiwan. The least-squares method with outlier removal was used to compute the along-track SLRs and MSS heights from S3B and J3. Our results show that the SLR rates around Taiwan in the recent 3\u20136 years from S3B and J3 were 2.0\u20133.0 mm\/year higher than the global rate of 3.3 mm\/year. Positive SLR rates were observed in most waters around Taiwan, but negative rates occurred in some parts of the Taiwan Strait. Short-term SLR rates from S3B and J3 were significantly different from the long-term rates determined using altimeter data from the TOPEX\/POSEIDON (TP), Jason-1, Jason-2, and J3 missions from 1992.96 to 2021.92. The comparison between the along-track MSS heights from S3B and J3 and the modeled MSS heights showed that CLS15 had the highest accuracy. The DTU18 model exhibited lower sea surface heights near Penghu in the Taiwan Strait compared with CLS15 and NCTUMSS. The NCTUMSS model incorporates tide gauge measurements and Taiwan\u2019s hybrid geoid for a smooth transition from ocean to land. It was concluded that the SLR rates around Taiwan were not uniform, and the rates provided by the three global models, as well as the along-track S3B and J3 altimeter data, suffered from problems like limited spatial resolutions and accuracies, which originated from limited altimeter data qualities and record lengths. One must be cautious about the accuracy of an MSS model for constructing a depth datum and the accuracy of an SLR model for mitigating SLR-induced hazards. We recommend updating the MSS model around Taiwan every 7 years to ensure a 2 cm accuracy requirement, considering the average SLR rate of 3.3 mm\/year around Taiwan. Short-term data reflects recent sea level rise but lacks accuracy, while the long-term sea level record may be more precise but may not capture recent rates, necessitating a comprehensive approach that considers both factors for producing accurate assessments and the planning of sea level rise impacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T01:12:28Z","timestamp":1690161148000},"page":"3640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessing Models of Sea Level Rise and Mean Sea Surface with Sentinel-3B and Jason-3 Altimeter Data near Taiwan: Impacts of Data Quality and Length"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yu-Shen","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3322-353X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheinway","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Te-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hsuan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185782","article-title":"Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal zones","volume":"328","author":"Nicholls","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2010.0291","article-title":"Sea-level rise and its possible impacts given a beyond 4 C world in the twenty-first century","volume":"369","author":"Nicholls","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. 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