{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:21:28Z","timestamp":1760149288136,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]],"date-time":"2023-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an analysis of the results determining the positions and the velocities of the 21 selected satellite laser ranging stations which performed observations from January 2008 to December 2012. This particularly interesting period of five years was selected, during which two strong earthquakes occurred near the stations. The focus was directed on the stations where the effects of the earthquakes were observed, i.e., Koganei (7308), Simosato (7838), and Changchun (7237) as a result of the tsunami in Japan on 11 February 2011, as well as Concepcion (7405IR) and San Juan (7406) as a result of the earthquake in Chile on 27 February 2010. The station positions were computed using the GSFC NASA GEODYN-II orbital software from the observations results of the satellites LAGEOS-1 and LAGEOS-2. The geocentric coordinates of the stations were determined from the normal equations of both satellites. The station velocities were computed from the positions determined for the observation epoch using the linear regression method. For each station, the following parameters were determined: mean total coordinates stability, standard deviation of determined positions and mean deviation from ITRF for topocentric components. For the best stations, the stability ranged from 4.0 mm to 6.5 mm, with the standard deviation of determined positions ranging from 0.9 mm to 1.7 mm. For two stations, a quadratic change in the station position was detected instead of a normal linear one after strong earthquakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T01:12:28Z","timestamp":1690161148000},"page":"3659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of the Results Determining the Positions and Velocities of Satellite Laser Ranging Stations during Earthquakes in 2010\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8637-3603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Schillak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centrum Bada\u0144 Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk (CBK PAN), Borowiec Astrogeodynamic Observatory, Bartycka 18A, 00-716 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Satarowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical, Electronic, Computer and Control Engineering, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a University of Technology, ul. Bohdana Stefanowkiego 18, 90-924 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Sankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical, Electronic, Computer and Control Engineering, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a University of Technology, ul. Bohdana Stefanowkiego 18, 90-924 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Micha\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centrum Bada\u0144 Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk (CBK PAN), Borowiec Astrogeodynamic Observatory, Bartycka 18A, 00-716 Warszawa, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"CDDIS (2023, February 10). SLR and GPS (and Plate Tectonic and Earthquakes), NASA, Available online: https:\/\/cddis.nasa.gov\/docs\/2009\/HTS_0910.pdf.","key":"ref_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-011-0444-4","article-title":"ITRF2008: An Improved Solution of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame","volume":"85","author":"Altamimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geodesy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(02)00277-6","article-title":"The International Laser Ranging Service","volume":"30","author":"Pearlman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-019-01241-1","article-title":"The ILRS: Approaching 20 years and planning for the future","volume":"93","author":"Pearlman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geodesy"},{"unstructured":"NASA (2023, February 21). How Satellite Laser Ranging Got Its Start 50 Years Ago, Available online: https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/content\/goddard\/laser-ranging-50-years.","key":"ref_5"},{"unstructured":"(2023, March 15). ILRSa ASC Product and Information Server. Available online: http:\/\/geodesy.jcet.umbc.edu\/ILRS_AWG_MONITORING\/.","key":"ref_6"},{"unstructured":"(2023, March 15). ILRSb Monthly\/Quarterly Global Performance Report Card, Available online: https:\/\/ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov\/network\/system_performance\/global_report_cards\/quarterly\/.","key":"ref_7"},{"unstructured":"(2023, February 12). Geoscience Hitotsubashi: Multi-Satellite Bias Analysis Report. Available online: https:\/\/geo.science.hit-u.ac.jp\/slr\/bias\/.","key":"ref_8"},{"unstructured":"(2023, February 19). Zimmerwald: ILRS Combined Range Bias Report. Available online: http:\/\/ftp.aiub.unibe.ch\/slr\/summary_report.txt.","key":"ref_9"},{"unstructured":"DGFI (2023, March 23). DGFI-TUM ILRS Analysis Centre. Available online: https:\/\/www.dgfi.tum.de\/en\/international-services\/ilrs\/.","key":"ref_10"},{"unstructured":"Torrence, M.H., Klosko, S.M., and Christodoulidis, D.C. (1984, January 10). The construction and testing of normal point at Goddard Space Flight Center. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Laser Ranging Instrumentation, Herstmonceux, UK. Available online: https:\/\/ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov\/about\/reports\/workshop\/lw05.html.","key":"ref_11"},{"unstructured":"Pavlis, D.E., Luo, S., Dahiroc, P., McCarthy, J.J., and Lutchke, S.B. (1998). GEODYN II System Description, Hughes STX Contractor Report.","key":"ref_12"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schillak, S., Lejba, P., Micha\u0142ek, P., Suchodolski, T., Smag\u0142o, A., and Zapa\u015bnk, S. (2022). Analysis of the Results of the Borowiec SLR Station (7811) for the period 1993-2019 as an Example of the Quality Assessment of Satellite Laser Ranging Stations. Sensors, 22.","key":"ref_13","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020616"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlis, N.K., Holmes, S.A., Kenyon, S.C., and Factor, J.K. (2008, January 13). An Earth Gravitational Model to Degree 2160:EGM2008. Proceedings of the 2008 General Assembly of the European Geoscience Union, Vienna, Austria.","key":"ref_14","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3063757"},{"unstructured":"McCarthy, D.D., and Petit, G. (2004). IERS Conventions (2003), IERS Technical Note No. 32.","key":"ref_15"},{"unstructured":"Ray, R.D. (1999). A global Ocean Tide Model from TOPEX\/POSEIDON Altimetry: GOT99.2, NASA\/TMm1999-200478.","key":"ref_16"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"10","article-title":"JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides DE403\/LE403","volume":"31","author":"Standish","year":"1995","journal-title":"JPL IOM"},{"unstructured":"Petit, G., and Luzum, B. (2010). IERS Conventions, IERS Technical Note No. 36.","key":"ref_18"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL014394","article-title":"Improved mapping functions for atmospheric refraction in SLR","volume":"29","author":"Mendes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L14602","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020308","article-title":"High-accuracy zenith delay prediction at optical wavelengths","volume":"31","author":"Mendes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02520228","article-title":"Accurate algorithms to transform geocentric to geographic coordinates","volume":"63","author":"Borkowski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull. Geod."},{"unstructured":"Schillak, S., Szafranek, K., Araszkiewicz, A., Figurski, M., Lejba, P., and Lehmann, M. (2013). Earthquakes Problem in ITRF Position and Velocity Determination from SLR and GNSS Data, IAG Scientific Assembly.","key":"ref_22"},{"unstructured":"Szafranek, K., Schillak, S., Araszkiewicz, A., Figurski, M., Lehmann, M., and Lejba, P. (2012). EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, EGU General Assembly.","key":"ref_23"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1029\/GD025p0133","article-title":"Milimeter Accuracy Satellite Laser Ranging: A Review","volume":"25","author":"Degnan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Contrib. Space Geod. Geodyn. Technol. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.04.028","article-title":"Satellite laser ranging as a tool for the recovery of tropospheric gradients","volume":"212","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-019-01287-1","article-title":"Troposphere delay modeling with horizontal gradients for satellite laser ranging","volume":"93","author":"Zus","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geodesy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-021-01554-0","article-title":"Tropospheric and range biases in Satellite Laser Ranging","volume":"95","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geodesy"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3659\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:17:05Z","timestamp":1760127425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15143659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15143659","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]}}}