{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T21:11:15Z","timestamp":1771708275792,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]],"date-time":"2023-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DARPA AtmoSense program","award":["067201110A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["067201110A"]}]},{"name":"DARPA AtmoSense program","award":["80 NM0018D004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80 NM0018D004"]}]},{"name":"NASA Flight Opportunities Program","award":["067201110A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["067201110A"]}]},{"name":"NASA Flight Opportunities Program","award":["80 NM0018D004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80 NM0018D004"]}]},{"name":"National Nuclear Security Administration, Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Research and Development","award":["067201110A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["067201110A"]}]},{"name":"National Nuclear Security Administration, Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Research and Development","award":["80 NM0018D004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80 NM0018D004"]}]},{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","award":["067201110A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["067201110A"]}]},{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","award":["80 NM0018D004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80 NM0018D004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-altitude balloons carrying infrasound sensor payloads can be leveraged toward monitoring efforts to provide some advantages over other sensing modalities. On 10 July 2020, three sets of controlled surface explosions generated infrasound waves detected by a high-altitude floating sensor. One of the signal arrivals, detected when the balloon was in the acoustic shadow zone, could not be predicted via propagation modeling using a model atmosphere. Considering that the balloon\u2019s horizontal motion showed direct evidence of gravity waves, we examined their role in infrasound propagation. Implementation of gravity wave perturbations to the wind field explained the signal detection and aided in correctly predicting infrasound travel times. Our results show that the impact of gravity waves is negligible below 20 km altitude; however, their effect is important above that height. The results presented here demonstrate the utility of balloon-borne acoustic sensing toward constraining the source region of variability, as well as the relevance of complexities surrounding infrasound wave propagation at short ranges for elevated sensing platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T01:12:28Z","timestamp":1690161148000},"page":"3661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Isolating the Source Region of Infrasound Travel Time Variability Using Acoustic Sensors on High-Altitude Balloons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4778-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Silber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysics, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9341-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multi-Modal Geophysics and Data Analytics, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Atmospheric infrasound","volume":"28","author":"Bedard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acoust. Aust."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L19304","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020696","article-title":"On using ocean swells for continuous infrasonic measurements of winds and temperature in the lower, middle, and upper atmosphere","volume":"31","author":"Willis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL092262","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL092262","article-title":"1001 Rocket Launches for Space Missions and Their Infrasonic Signature","volume":"48","author":"Pilger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.81.4.614","article-title":"Infrasound Propagation in the \u201cZone of Silence\u201d","volume":"81","author":"Negraru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Pichon, A., Blanc, E., and Hauchecorne, A. (2019). Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies: Challenges in Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Societal Benefits, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75140-5"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E08006","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JE003334","article-title":"An estimate of the terrestrial influx of large meteoroids from infrasonic measurements","volume":"114","author":"Silber","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913000","article-title":"Atmospheric Absorption of Sound: Theoretical Predictions","volume":"51","author":"Evans","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Pichon, E.B.A., and Hauchecorne, A. (2010). Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9508-5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1029\/2002EO000383","article-title":"Listening to the secret sounds of Earth\u2019s atmosphere","volume":"83","author":"Hedlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10010","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL066570","article-title":"Infrasound in the middle stratosphere measured with a free-flying acoustic array","volume":"42","author":"Bowman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggaa589","article-title":"An active source seismo-acoustic experiment using tethered balloons to validate instrument concepts and modelling tools for atmospheric seismology","volume":"225","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1002\/2018GL077481","article-title":"Detection of Artificially Generated Seismic Signals Using Balloon-Borne Infrasound Sensors","volume":"45","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weaver, R.L., and McAndrew, J. (1995). The Roswell Report: Fact Versus Fiction in the New Mexico Desert, Diane Publishing. 1428994920.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA326148"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Wescott, J.W. (1964). Acoustic Detection of High-Altitude Turbulence, Michigan Univ Ann Arbor."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5144","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL077737","article-title":"Upper atmosphere heating from ocean-generated acoustic wave energy","volume":"45","author":"Bowman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Stevenson, D.J., Cutts, J.A., Mimoun, D., Arrowsmith, S., Banerdt, W.B., Blom, P., Brageot, E., Brissaud, Q., Chin, G., and Gao, P. (2015). Probing the Interior Structure of Venus, Keck Institute for Space Studies."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GL100978","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL100978","article-title":"A \u201cFloatilla\u201d of Airborne Seismometers for Venus","volume":"50","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL096326","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL096326","article-title":"Airborne Infrasound Makes a Splash","volume":"48","author":"Bowman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0002356","article-title":"Origin and mitigation of wind noise on balloon-borne infrasound microbarometers","volume":"148","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silber, E.A., Bownman, D.C., and Ronac Giannone, M. (2023). Detection of the Large Surface Explosion Coupling Experiment by a sparse network of balloon-borne infrasound sensors. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020542"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9773","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026474","article-title":"A Comparison of the Ocean Microbarom Recorded on the Ground and in the Stratosphere","volume":"122","author":"Bowman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bowman, D., Lees, J., Cutts, J., Komjathy, A., Young, E., Seiffert, K., Boslough, M., and Arrowsmith, S. (2019). Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies, Springer."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-042711-105508","article-title":"Infrasound: Connecting the solid earth, oceans, and atmosphere","volume":"40","author":"Hedlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, D.K., Ostashev, V.E., Shaw, M.J., Muhlestein, M.B., Weatherly, J.W., Swearingen, M.E., and McComas, S.L. (2021). Infrasound Propagation in the Arctic, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.).","DOI":"10.21079\/11681\/42683"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5005889","article-title":"Infrasound propagation in tropospheric ducts and acoustic shadow zones","volume":"142","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-010-0080-6","article-title":"The Temporal Morphology of Infrasound Propagation","volume":"167","author":"Drob","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1631937","article-title":"Atmospheric absorption in the atmosphere up to 160 km","volume":"115","author":"Sutherland","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20110542","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0542","article-title":"A study of infrasonic anisotropy and multipathing in the atmosphere using seismic networks","volume":"371","author":"Hedlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Pichon, A., Blanc, E., and Hauchecorne, A. (2010). Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9508-5"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.1998.00618.x","article-title":"Traveltimes for infrasonic waves propagating in a stratified atmosphere","volume":"135","author":"Garces","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Pichon, A., Blanc, E., and Hauchecorne, A. (2010). Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9508-5"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2018.816","article-title":"Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of infrasound propagation in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere","volume":"859","author":"Sabatini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001RG000106","article-title":"Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere","volume":"41","author":"Fritts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nappo, C.J. (2013). An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385223-6.00004-5"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2126938","article-title":"Sound propagation through and scattering by internal gravity waves in a stably stratified atmosphere","volume":"118","author":"Ostashev","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2011.04975.x","article-title":"Infrasound radiated by the Gerdec and Chelopechene explosions: Propagation along unexpected paths","volume":"185","author":"Green","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.03998.x","article-title":"The Buncefield explosion: A benchmark for infrasound analysis across Central Europe","volume":"177","author":"Ceranna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"397","article-title":"New type of infrasonic arrivals in the geometric shadow region at long distances from explosions","volume":"38","author":"Kulichkov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EA002036","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EA002036","article-title":"Evidence for Short Temporal Atmospheric Variations Observed by Infrasonic Signals: 1. The Troposphere","volume":"9","author":"Averbuch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL094861","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL094861","article-title":"Infrasound from a buried chemical explosion recorded on a balloon in the lower stratosphere","volume":"48","author":"Bowman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2014.07.005","article-title":"Optical observations of meteors generating infrasound\u2014I: Acoustic signal identification and phenomenology","volume":"119","author":"Silber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022EA002226","DOI":"10.1029\/2022EA002226","article-title":"Topographically Scattered Infrasound Waves Observed on Microbarometer Arrays in the Lower Stratosphere","volume":"9","author":"Bird","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1785\/0220180038","article-title":"Explosion-generated infrasound recorded on ground and airborne microbarometers at regional distances","volume":"89","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggy069","article-title":"Acoustic event location and background noise characterization on a free flying infrasound sensor network in the stratosphere","volume":"213","author":"Bowman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JD031565","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031565","article-title":"Infrasound and Gravity Waves Over the Andes Observed by a Pressure Sensor on Board a Stratospheric Balloon","volume":"125","author":"Poler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054001","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0010378","article-title":"Infrasound direction of arrival determination using a balloon-borne aeroseismometer","volume":"2","author":"Bowman","year":"2022","journal-title":"JASA Express Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Pichon, A., Blanc, E., and Hauchecorne, A. (2019). Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies: Challenges in Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Societal Benefits, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75140-5"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggx185","article-title":"Hybrid Galerkin numerical modelling of elastodynamics and compressible Navier\u2013Stokes couplings: Applications to seismo-gravito acoustic waves","volume":"210","author":"Brissaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4976067","article-title":"Modal expansions for infrasound propagation and their implications for ground-to-ground propagation","volume":"141","author":"Waxler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4977578","article-title":"A wide-angle high Mach number modal expansion for infrasound propagation","volume":"141","author":"Assink","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1121\/1.402465","article-title":"A two-way parabolic equation for acoustic backscattering in the ocean","volume":"91","author":"Collins","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5091011","article-title":"Extra-wide-angle parabolic equations in motionless and moving media","volume":"145","author":"Ostashev","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0009163","article-title":"Numerical modeling of mesoscale infrasound propagation in the Arctic","volume":"151","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Blom, P. (2014). GeoAc: Numerical Tools to Model Acoustic Propagation in the Geometric Limit, Los Alamos National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-020-02549-2","article-title":"The 12 December 2017 Baumgarten Gas Hub Explosion: A Case Study on Understanding the Occurrence of a Large Infrasound Azimuth Residual and a Lack of Seismic Observations","volume":"177","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggy042","article-title":"Assessment of infrasound signals recorded on seismic stations and infrasound arrays in the western United States using ground truth sources","volume":"213","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9299","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD030386","article-title":"A Three-Dimensional Array for the Study of Infrasound Propagation Through the Atmospheric Boundary Layer","volume":"124","author":"Smink","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022JB025735","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JB025735","article-title":"Rapid Location of Remote Volcanic Infrasound Using 3D Ray Tracing and Empirical Climatologies: Application to the 2011 Cord\u00f3n Caulle and 2015 Calbuco Eruptions, Chile","volume":"128","author":"Matoza","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021RS007413","DOI":"10.1029\/2021RS007413","article-title":"Identification of Acoustic Wave Signatures in the Ionosphere From Conventional Surface Explosions Using MF\/HF Doppler Sounding","volume":"57","author":"Obenberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022EA002233","DOI":"10.1029\/2022EA002233","article-title":"Atmospheric Structure Prediction for Infrasound Propagation Modeling Using Deep Learning","volume":"9","author":"Albert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4980096","article-title":"Modeling and observations of an elevated, moving infrasonic source: Eigenray methods","volume":"141","author":"Blom","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3680","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3699174","article-title":"Impulse propagation in the nocturnal boundary layer: Analysis of the geometric component","volume":"131","author":"Blom","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003307","article-title":"Global morphology of infrasound propagation","volume":"108","author":"Drob","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trigo-Rodr\u00edguez, J.M., Rietmeijer, F.J.M., Llorca, J., and Janches, D. (2008). Advances in Meteoroid and Meteor Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78419-9"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4236\/inframatics.2013.24004","article-title":"Application of propagation modeling to verify and discriminate ground-truth infrasound signals at regional distances","volume":"2013","author":"Pilger","year":"2013","journal-title":"InfraMatics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8318","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023273","article-title":"Comparison of co-located independent ground-based middle atmospheric wind and temperature measurements with numerical weather prediction models","volume":"120","author":"Assink","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3056477","article-title":"Mesoscale variations in acoustic signals induced by atmospheric gravity waves","volume":"125","author":"Chunchuzov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5345","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD021304","article-title":"Statistical characterization of atmospheric gravity waves by seismoacoustic observations","volume":"119","author":"Hedlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD018077","article-title":"A method for specifying atmospheric gravity wavefields for long-range infrasound propagation calculations","volume":"118","author":"Drob","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.05.010","article-title":"Physics of meteor generated shock waves in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere\u2014A review","volume":"62","author":"Silber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"D02103","article-title":"High vertical resolution analyses of gravity waves and turbulence at a midlatitude station","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8828","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023276","article-title":"Study of the wind velocity-layered structure in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere by using infrasound probing of the atmosphere","volume":"120","author":"Chunchuzov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Norris, D., and Gibson, R. (2007). Integration of Enhanced Propagation, Environmental Variability, and Network Performance Models into the InfraMAP Software Toolkit, BBN Technologies."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Norris, D., and Gibson, R. (2002, January 17\u201319). InfraMAP Enhancements: Environmental\/Propagation Variability and Localization Accuracy of Infrasonic Networks. Proceedings of the 24th Seismic Research Review\u2014Nuclear Explosion Monitoring: Innovation and Integration, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02051","article-title":"Gravity wave models for the horizontal wave number spectra of atmospheric velocity and density fluctuations","volume":"98","author":"Gardner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Peitgen, H.-O., and Saupe, D. (1988). The Science of Fractal Images, Springer."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5096855","article-title":"Modeling infrasonic propagation through a spherical atmospheric layer\u2014Analysis of the stratospheric pair","volume":"145","author":"Blom","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6510","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL064992","article-title":"Probabilistic infrasound propagation using realistic atmospheric perturbations","volume":"42","author":"Smets","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:17:08Z","timestamp":1760127428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15143661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15143661","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]}}}