{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T18:48:53Z","timestamp":1768416533955,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62122091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62122091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61771480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61771480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) is an important sensor for earth observation. Multi-temporal PolSAR images obtained by successive observations of the region of interest contain rich polarimetric\u2013temporal\u2013spatial information of the land covers, which has wide applications. Speckle filtering becomes a necessary pre-processing for many subsequent applications. Currently, it is common to filter multi-temporal PolSAR data by directly using a speckle filter developed for single SAR or PolSAR data. The cross-correlation between different time series contains rich information in multi-temporal PolSAR images. How to utilize complete polarimetric\u2013temporal\u2013spatial information becomes a large challenge to achieve more satisfied performances of speckle reduction and details preservation simultaneously. This work dedicates to this issue and develops a novel speckle filtering approach for multi-temporal PolSAR data by multi-dimensional information fusion. The core idea is to establish an adaptive and efficient strategy of similar pixel selection based on the similarity test of multi-temporal polarimetric covariance matrices. This similar pixel selection scheme fuses the complete information of multi-temporal PolSAR data. The sensitivity of the proposed scheme is demonstrated with several typical and challenging texture patterns. Then, an adaptive speckle filter is established specifically for multi-temporal PolSAR data. Intensive comparison studies are carried out with airborne UAVSAR datasets and spaceborne ALOS\/PALSAR datasets. Quantitative investigations in terms of the equivalent number of looks (ENL) and the figure of merit (FOM) indexes demonstrate and validate the superiority of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T01:12:28Z","timestamp":1690161148000},"page":"3679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Adaptive Speckle Filter for Multi-Temporal PolSAR Image with Multi-Dimensional Information Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3312-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoliang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Xingchao","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Mingdian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Junwu","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Siwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lee, J.S., and Pottier, E. (2009). Polarimetric Radar Imaging: From Basics to Applications, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S.W., Wang, X.S., Xiao, S.P., and Sato, M. (2018). Target Scattering Mechanism in Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar: Interpretation and Application, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7269-7"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2172994","article-title":"Crop Classification by Multitemporal C- and L-Band Single- and Dual-Polarization and Fully Polarimetric SAR","volume":"50","author":"Skriver","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6111","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2832054","article-title":"Crop Classification Based on Differential Characteristics of H\/\u03b1 Scattering Parameters for Multitemporal Quad- and Dual-Polarization SAR Images","volume":"56","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2958262","article-title":"An Unsupervised Approach to Change Detection in Built-Up Areas by Multitemporal PolSAR Images","volume":"17","author":"Pirrone","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Similarity Matrix Entropy for Multitemporal Polarimetric SAR Change Detection","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2210050","article-title":"Tsunami Damage Investigation of Built-Up Areas Using Multitemporal Spaceborne Full Polarimetric SAR Images","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6919","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2588325","article-title":"Urban Damage Level Mapping Based on Scattering Mechanism Investigation Using Fully Polarimetric SAR Data for the 3.11 East Japan Earthquake","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5938","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3026838","article-title":"An Approach to Unsupervised Detection of Fully and Partially Destroyed Buildings in Multitemporal VHR SAR Images","volume":"13","author":"Pirrone","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2192937","article-title":"PolInSAR Complex Coherence Estimation Based on Covariance Matrix Similarity Test","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2311663","article-title":"Adaptive Multitemporal SAR Image Filtering Based on the Change Detection Matrix","volume":"11","author":"Atto","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5467","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2707806","article-title":"Multitemporal SAR Image Despeckling Based on Block-Matching and Collaborative Filtering","volume":"55","author":"Chierchia","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5320","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2813758","article-title":"A Unified Approach of Multitemporal SAR Data Filtering Through Adaptive Estimation of Complex Covariance Matrix","volume":"56","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2885683","article-title":"Ratio-Based Multitemporal SAR Images Denoising: RABASAR","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8807","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2990978","article-title":"SAR Image Despeckling by Noisy Reference-Based Deep Learning Method","volume":"58","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3237466","article-title":"Multitemporal Speckle Reduction With Self-Supervised Deep Neural Networks","volume":"61","author":"Meraoumia","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-664X(81)80018-4","article-title":"Refined Filtering of Image Noise Using Local Statistics","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"1981","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1109\/36.789635","article-title":"Polarimetric SAR Speckle Filtering and Its Implication for Classification","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.864142","article-title":"Intensity-Driven Adaptive-Neighborhood Technique for Polarimetric and Interferometric SAR Parameters Estimation","volume":"44","author":"Vasile","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1980.4766994","article-title":"Digital Image Enhancement and Noise Filtering by Use of Local Statistics","volume":"PAMI-2","author":"Lee","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2335114","article-title":"Polarimetric SAR Speckle Filtering and the Extended Sigma Filter","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2016.2552402","article-title":"A Nonlocal TV-Based Variational Method for PolSAR Data Speckle Reduction","volume":"25","author":"Nie","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2087763","article-title":"Nonlocal Filtering for Polarimetric SAR Data: A Pretest Approach","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2002029","article-title":"Model-based polarimetric SAR speckle filter","volume":"46","author":"Fabregas","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2014.2307437","article-title":"Analysis, Evaluation, and Comparison of Polarimetric SAR Speckle Filtering Techniques","volume":"23","author":"Foucher","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803727","article-title":"A Review of Speckle Filtering in the Context of Estimation Theory","volume":"40","author":"Touzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2231048","article-title":"Dual-Polarimetric TerraSAR-X SAR Data for Target at Sea Observation","volume":"10","author":"Velotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4756","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2284359","article-title":"Uniform Polarimetric Matrix Rotation Theory and Its Applications","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Man-Made Target Structure Recognition with Polarimetric Correlation Pattern and Roll-Invariant Feature Coding","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H.L., Cui, X.C., and Chen, S.W. (2021). PolSAR Ship Detection with Optimal Polarimetric Rotation Domain Features and SVM. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193932"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8506","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2022.3211431","article-title":"PolSAR Ship Detection Based on Azimuth Sublook Polarimetric Covariance Matrix","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.2312099","article-title":"Modeling and Interpretation of Scattering Mechanisms in Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar: Advances and perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, G.Q., Li, Y.Z., and Chen, S.W. (2021). Polarimetric Model-Based Decomposition with Refined Double-Bounce Orientation Angle and Scattering Model. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163070"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.859338","article-title":"Scattering-Model-Based Speckle Filtering of Polarimetric SAR Data","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7135","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2911670","article-title":"SMF-POLOPT: An Adaptive Multitemporal Pol(DIn)SAR Filtering and Phase Optimization Algorithm for PSI Applications","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.808066","article-title":"A Test Statistic in the Complex Wishart Distribution and Its Application to Change Detection in Polarimetric SAR Data","volume":"41","author":"Conradsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.2983116","article-title":"Polarimetric SAR Speckle Filtering Based on Similarity Test and Adaptive Clustering","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2698020","article-title":"Adaptive Speckle Filtering for Time Series of Polarimetric SAR Images","volume":"10","author":"Salehi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/TCI.2023.3248942","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Polarimetric InISAR Imaging of Non-Cooperative Targets","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2002881","article-title":"Improved Sigma Filter for Speckle Filtering of SAR Imagery","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2013.2277512","article-title":"A Tutorial on Speckle Reduction in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images","volume":"1","author":"Argenti","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1109\/36.7708","article-title":"A Statistical and Geometrical Edge Detector for SAR Images","volume":"26","author":"Touzi","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2364913","article-title":"The Soil Moisture Active Passive Validation Experiment 2012 (SMAPVEX12): Prelaunch Calibration and Validation of the SMAP Soil Moisture Algorithms","volume":"53","author":"McNairn","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:17:36Z","timestamp":1760127456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/14\/3679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15143679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15143679","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]}}}