{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T01:42:01Z","timestamp":1776822121780,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"LIFE GrIn project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIFE17GIC\/GR\/000029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFE17GIC\/GR\/000029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is a particularly important parameter for understanding water interactions and balance in ecosystems, while it is also crucial for assessing vegetation water requirements. The accurate estimation of PET is typically data demanding, while specific climatic, geographical and local factors may further complicate this task. Especially in city environments, where built-up structures may highly influence the micrometeorological conditions and urban green sites may occupy limited spaces, the selection of proper PET estimation approaches is critical, considering also data availability issues. In this study, a wide variety of empirical PET methods were evaluated against the FAO56 Penman\u2013Monteith benchmark method in the environment of two Mediterranean urban green sites in Greece, aiming to investigate their accuracy and suitability under specific local conditions. The methods under evaluation cover all the range of empirical PET estimations: namely, mass transfer-based, temperature-based, radiation-based, and combination approaches, including 112 methods. Furthermore, 15 locally calibrated and adjusted models have been developed based on the general forms of the mass transfer, temperature, and radiation equations, improving the performance of the original models for local application. Among the 127 (112 original and 15 adjusted) evaluated methods, the radiation-based methods and adjusted models performed overall better than the temperature-based and the mass transfer methods, whereas the data-demanding combination methods received the highest ranking scores. The adjusted models seem to give accurate PET estimates for local use, while they might be applied in sites with similar conditions after proper validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15143680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T01:12:28Z","timestamp":1690161148000},"page":"3680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Thorough Evaluation of 127 Potential Evapotranspiration Models in Two Mediterranean Urban Green Sites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8270-2991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Proutsos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems-Hellenic Agricultural Organization \u201cDEMETER\u201d, Terma Alkmanos, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2001-259X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Tigkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards and Proactive Planning & Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8065-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irida","family":"Tsevreni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2446-8527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavros G.","family":"Alexandris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0014-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra D.","family":"Solomou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems-Hellenic Agricultural Organization \u201cDEMETER\u201d, Terma Alkmanos, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanassios","family":"Bourletsikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems-Hellenic Agricultural Organization \u201cDEMETER\u201d, Terma Alkmanos, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7721-7553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos","family":"Stefanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mountainous Water Management and Control, School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6889-9022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Chukwujindu","family":"Nwokolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540004, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.1586","article-title":"Evapotranspiration comparisons between eddy covariance measurements and meteorological and remote-sensing-based models in disturbed ponderosa pine forests","volume":"8","author":"Ha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG2005","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RG000373","article-title":"A review of global terrestrial evapotranspiration: Observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic variability","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. 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