{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:09:57Z","timestamp":1781050197761,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42276234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42276234"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41976209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41976209"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42206236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42206236"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photovoltaic (PV) panels convert sunlight into electricity, and play a crucial role in energy decarbonization, and in promoting urban resources and environmental sustainability. The area of PV panels in China\u2019s coastal regions is rapidly increasing, due to the huge demand for renewable energy. However, a rapid, accurate, and robust PV panel mapping approach, and a practical PV panel classification strategy for large-scale applications have not been established. Here, we developed a new approach that uses spectral and textural features to identify and map the PV panels there were in coastal China in 2021 using multispectral instrument (MSI) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, and the Google Earth Engine (GEE), to differentiate PV panels according to their underlying surface properties. Our 10-m-spatial-resolution PV panel map had an overall accuracy of 94.31% in 2021. There was 510.78 km2 of PV panels in coastal China in 2021, which included 254.47 km2 of planar photovoltaic (PPV) panels, 170.70 km2 of slope photovoltaic (SPV) panels, and 85.61 km2 of water photovoltaic (WPV) panels. Our resultant PV panel map provides a detailed dataset for renewable layouts, ecological assessments, and the energy-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T01:09:01Z","timestamp":1690333741000},"page":"3712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Mapping Photovoltaic Panels in Coastal China Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Images and Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Haitao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5372-8562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongchao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Ningbo Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Donghai Academy, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Ningbo Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Donghai Academy, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2005.12.004","article-title":"Energy supply, its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies","volume":"11","author":"Asif","year":"2007","journal-title":"Renew. 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