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current capability of monitoring PM2.5 adversely impact air quality management and health risk assessment of PM2.5 exposure. Commonly, ground-based monitoring networks are established to measure the PM2.5 concentrations in highly populated regions and protected areas such as national parks, yet large gaps exist in spatial coverage. Satellite-derived aerosol optical properties serve to complement the missing spatial information of ground-based monitoring networks. However, satellite remote sensing AODs are hampered under cloudy\/hazy conditions or during nighttime. Here we strive to overcome the long-standing restriction that surface PM2.5 cannot be obtained with satellite remote sensing under cloudy\/hazy conditions or during nighttime. In this work, we introduce a deep spatiotemporal neural network (ST-NN) and demonstrate that it can artfully fill these observational gaps. We quantified the quantitative impact of input variables on the results using sensitivity and visual analysis of the model. This technique provides ground-level PM2.5 concentrations with a high spatial resolution (0.01\u00b0) and 24-h temporal coverage, hour-by-hour, complete coverage. In central and eastern China, the 10-fold cross-validation results show that R2 is between 0.8 and 0.9, and RMSE is between 6 and 26 (\u00b5g m\u22123). The relative error varies in different concentration ranges and is generally less than 20%. Better constrained spatiotemporal distributions of PM2.5 concentrations will contribute to improving health effects studies, atmospheric emission estimates, and air quality predictions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T02:07:17Z","timestamp":1690423637000},"page":"3724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Deep Learning Approach to Increase the Value of Satellite Data for PM2.5 Monitoring in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China"}]},{"given":"Qihou","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}]},{"given":"Mingzhai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2092-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China"}]},{"given":"Yizhi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Yike","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Gregory R.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401","article-title":"An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities","volume":"329","author":"Dockery","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-715-2005","article-title":"Global indirect aerosol effects: A review","volume":"5","author":"Lohmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1207374","article-title":"Aerosol Indirect Effect on Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate","volume":"334","author":"Mahowald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Stocker, T. (2014). 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