{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T04:00:02Z","timestamp":1776139202795,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Research-based Innovation SmartForest","award":["309671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309671"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inthis study, we introduce Point2Tree, a modular and versatile framework that employs a three-tiered methodology, inclusive of semantic segmentation, instance segmentation, and hyperparameter optimization analysis, designed to process laser point clouds in forestry. The semantic segmentation stage is built upon the Pointnet++ architecture and is primarily tasked with categorizing each point in the point cloud into meaningful groups or \u2019segments\u2019, specifically in this context, differentiating between diverse tree parts, i.e., vegetation, stems, and coarse woody debris. The category for the ground is also provided. Semantic segmentation achieved an F1-score of 0.92, showing a high level of accuracy in classifying forest elements. In the instance segmentation stage, we further refine this process by identifying each tree as a unique entity. This process, which uses a graph-based approach, yielded an F1-score of approximately 0.6, signifying reasonable performance in delineating individual trees. The third stage involves a hyperparameter optimization analysis, conducted through a Bayesian strategy, which led to performance improvement of the overall framework by around four percentage points. Point2Tree was tested on two datasets, one from a managed boreal coniferous forest in V\u00e5ler, Norway, with 16 plots chosen to cover a range of forest conditions. The modular design of the framework allows it to handle diverse pointcloud densities and types of terrestrial laser scanning data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T02:08:00Z","timestamp":1690510080000},"page":"3737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Point2Tree(P2T)\u2014Framework for Parameter Tuning of Semantic and Instance Segmentation Used with Mobile Laser Scanning Data in Coniferous Forest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-2957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Wielgosz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Forest and Forest Resources, H\u00f8gskoleveien 8, 1433 \u00c5s, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4624-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Puliti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Forest and Forest Resources, H\u00f8gskoleveien 8, 1433 \u00c5s, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6048-536X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phil","family":"Wilkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"},{"name":"NERC National Centre for Earth Observation, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2988-9520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasmus","family":"Astrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Forest and Forest Resources, H\u00f8gskoleveien 8, 1433 \u00c5s, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2013-0535","article-title":"Approaches for estimating stand-level volume using terrestrial laser scanning in a single-scan mode","volume":"44","author":"Astrup","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. 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Available online: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/6560112."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/15\/3737\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:20:38Z","timestamp":1760127638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/15\/3737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15153737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15153737","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]}}}