{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:12:13Z","timestamp":1783163533124,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Science and Technology Projects of Beijing","award":["Z181100002918004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z181100002918004"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Projects of Beijing","award":["HTKJ2021KL504012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HTKJ2021KL504012"]}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Micrwave","award":["Z181100002918004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z181100002918004"]}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Micrwave","award":["HTKJ2021KL504012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HTKJ2021KL504012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To meet the urgent need for high-precision tracking and reliable cataloging of non-cooperative targets in the Earth\u2013Moon space, this paper proposes a GNSS Inter-Satellite Link and Connected Element Interferometry (CEI)-based measurement method for high-value cislunar space targets. Firstly, the general flow and basic scenario of the proposed method are given, followed by the mathematical model which, mainly includes four parts: (i) dynamical constraint equations for targets; (ii) GNSS-based interplanetary link for irradiation of targets; (iii) transmission loss equation of GNSS inter-satellite link signal in Earth\u2013Moon space; (iv) CEI-based precision measurements of targets. On this basis, the full process link budget analysis is carried out, followed by the performance evaluation, which includes the reception performance of CEI receiving arrays and the measurement accuracy of targets. The feasibility of the proposed method is evaluated and verified in experiments, and it is illustrated that (i) for inter-satellite link visibility analysis, at least 20 satellites can simultaneously provide inter-satellite link signals to the Earth\u2013Moon space targets, with a single GEO satellite up to 8.5 h continuously, while the chain access can be available at up to 73,000 km, with the angle ranging from \u221280\u2218 to 360\u2218; (ii) the Max Duration of Chain Access for BD3-lunarprobe-CEI (from 24 March 2023 04:00:00.000 to 31 March 2023 10:00:00.000) is 50,998.804 s\/day, with a Total Duration of 358,408.797 s in 7 days; (iii) for link budget and measurement accuracy analysis, even beyond the farthest Earth\u2013Moon Lagrangian point, the C\/N0 will be above 56.1 dBHZ, while even approaching the distances of 4.5\u00d7105km, the \u03c3DLL and \u03c3FLL will be below 5.345 m and 3.475\u00d710\u22124 m\/s, respectively, and the final measurement error will remain at 62.5 m with the proposed method. The findings of this paper could play a key role in future increasingly serious space missions, such as Earth\u2013Moon space situational awareness, and will have a broad application prospect, if put into actual testing and operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T02:08:00Z","timestamp":1690510080000},"page":"3744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Measurement Method for Cislunar Spacecraft Based on Connected Element Interferometry and BeiDou-3 Interplanetary Link in Future Lunar Exploration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2769-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zefu","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TTC and Operation, Space Engineering University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenge","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TTC and Operation, Space Engineering University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1931-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TTC and Operation, Space Engineering University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TTC and Operation, Space Engineering University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TTC and Operation, Space Engineering University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, Luoyang 471000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TTC and Operation, Space Engineering University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TTC and Operation, Space Engineering University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9060-9703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwen","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Optical Engineering, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TTC and Operation, Space Engineering University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 101400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s12567-020-00298-5","article-title":"Exploring our solar system with CubeSats and SmallSats: The dawn of a new era","volume":"12","author":"Freeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"CEAS Space J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz2484","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz2484","article-title":"Imagining a new era of planetary field geology","volume":"5","author":"Hodges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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