{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T15:56:57Z","timestamp":1771689417589,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Development and Reform Commission","award":["E0A203010F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0A203010F"]}]},{"name":"National Development and Reform Commission","award":["E0A203020F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0A203020F"]}]},{"name":"National Development and Reform Commission","award":["423MS112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423MS112"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","award":["E0A203010F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0A203010F"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","award":["E0A203020F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0A203020F"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","award":["423MS112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423MS112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>External interference in ionospheric sounding seriously degrades the quality of echo signals and data; thus, it should be eliminated. This paper presents a method for suppressing interference using chaotic coding with a set of Bernoulli map sequences; compared with other commonly used coding methods such as Barker code, complementary code, and Barker-like codes, through simulation, the ambiguity function (AF) of Bernoulli map codes has better performance in terms of peak sidelobe level (PSL), integral sidelobe ratio (ISL), noise suppression (NS), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Experimental tests were performed using a vertical ionosonde in Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, and the ionosonde was operated by alternating 40-bit Barker-like coding and 40-bit Bernoulli map coding each day to compare the effectiveness of interference suppression. The results showed that using Bernoulli map coding could remove interference and improve SNR significantly, thereby improving the data quality of the resulting ionograms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T02:08:00Z","timestamp":1690510080000},"page":"3747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chaotic Coding for Interference Suppression of Digital Ionosonde"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sijia","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microwave Remote Sensing Technology, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100040, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microwave Remote Sensing Technology, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microwave Remote Sensing Technology, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Te","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microwave Remote Sensing Technology, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Caiyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microwave Remote Sensing Technology, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microwave Remote Sensing Technology, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100040, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Satellite Remote Sensing Application, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Satellite Remote Sensing Application, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Aerospace Information Research Institute, Sanya 572029, China"}]},{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mengya, J. (2020). Antenna Design and Digital Control System Development of a High Performance Ionosonde, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.11728\/cjss2021.04.580","article-title":"Design of Digital Control System for High-Performance Ionosonde Based on FPGA","volume":"41","author":"Mengya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Gangquan, Z. (2022). Ionospheric Radar Echo Data Processing in Yinchuan Area, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kun, C. (2009). Design of the Ionosonde, South-Central Minzu University."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RS3013","DOI":"10.1029\/2003RS002901","article-title":"Interference Suppression Factor Characteristics of Complementary Codes for ST\/MST Radar Applications","volume":"39","author":"Ghebrebrhan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Tsmots, I., Riznyk, O., Rabyk, V., Kynash, Y., Kustra, N., and Logoida, M. (2020). Lecture Notes in Computational Intelligence and Decision Making, Springer."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"5047","article-title":"Application of Complementary Codes in Ionosphere Sounding","volume":"11","author":"Zhishen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, T., Yang, G., Hu, Y., Jiang, C., Lan, T., Zhao, Z., and Ni, B. (2019). A Novel Ionospheric Sounding Network Based on Complete Complementary Code and Its Application. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040779"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1029\/2018RS006773","article-title":"An HF Software-Defined Radar to Study the Ionosphere","volume":"54","author":"Bostan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2008.08.014","article-title":"Volumetric Imaging of the Auroral Ionosphere: Initial Results from PFISR","volume":"71","author":"Semeter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4757","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2699280","article-title":"Hainan Coherent Scatter Phased Array Radar (HCOPAR): System Design and Ionospheric Irregularity Observations","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM22042202","article-title":"A Novel Radar Waveform Design for Suppressing Autocorrelation Side-Lobe Based on Chaotic and Single Fusion Encoding Method","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. M"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2043788","article-title":"Comparison of Radar Waveforms for a Low-Power Vertical-Incidence Ionosonde","volume":"7","author":"Yao","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RS4013","DOI":"10.1029\/2004RS003123","article-title":"Legendre Coding for Digital Ionosondes","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2009.2024439","article-title":"The Wuhan Ionospheric Sounding Systems","volume":"6","author":"Gang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, S., Yang, G., Jiang, C., Zhang, Y., and Zhao, Z. (2017). Wuhan Ionospheric Oblique Backscattering Sounding System and Its Applications\u2014A Review. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061430"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(72)90164-X","article-title":"Ionospheric Movements Measured by Incoherent Scatter: A Review","volume":"34","author":"Evans","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2021.105259","article-title":"A Chaos-Based True Random Number Generator Based on OTA Sharing and Non-Flipped Folded Bernoulli Mapping for High-Precision ADC Calibration","volume":"116","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM12111707","article-title":"A Signal Model Based on Combination Chaotic Map for Noise Radar","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. M"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-4287-z","article-title":"1D-Bernoulli Chaos Sequences Based Collaborative-CDMA: A Novel Secure High Capacity CDMA Scheme","volume":"96","author":"Babu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"579","article-title":"Securing Physical Layer of 5G Wireless Network System over GFDM Using Linear Precoding Algorithm for Massive MIMO and Hyperchaotic QR-Decomposition","volume":"15","author":"Ameen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Eng. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.25103\/jestr.082.03","article-title":"Spectral Properties of Chaotic Signals Generated by the Bernoulli Map","volume":"8","author":"Loiola","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuneda, A. (2019). Orthogonal Chaotic Binary Sequences Based on Bernoulli Map and Walsh Functions. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21100930"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Nadav, L., and Eli, M. (2004). Radar Signals, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1961.1057620","article-title":"Complementary Series","volume":"7","author":"Golay","year":"1961","journal-title":"IRE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G., Duan, P., Jiang, C., Liu, T., Lan, T., Zhao, Z., Shi, S., and Xu, C. (2018). Application of Biphase Complete Complementary Code for Ionospheric Sounding. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092811"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Davies, K. (1989). Ionospheric Radio, P. Peregrinus on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Yuan, K., Yao, M., and Xiong, J. (2021). A Novel Composite Coding Method for Incoherent Scatter Radar. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12111518"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Foreman, T.L., and Wilson, S.G. (2000, January 12\u201312). Multiple Pulse Detection in Distributed Rayleigh Clutter. Proceedings of the Record of the IEEE 2000 International Radar Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37037], Alexandria, VA, USA."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/15\/3747\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:20:52Z","timestamp":1760127652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/15\/3747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15153747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15153747","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]}}}