{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:22:50Z","timestamp":1760149370889,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["2023-JC-YB-389","41590855","51776171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-YB-389","41590855","51776171"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023-JC-YB-389","41590855","51776171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-YB-389","41590855","51776171"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A Moon-based radiometer can provide continuous measurements for the Earth\u2019s full-disk broadband irradiance, which is useful for studying the Earth\u2019s Radiation Budget (ERB) at the height of the Top of the Atmosphere (TOA). The ERB describes how the Earth obtains solar energy and emits energy to space through the outgoing broadband Short-Wave (SW) and emitted thermal Long-Wave (LW) radiation. In this work, a model for estimating the Earth\u2019s outgoing radiative flux from the measurements of a Moon-based radiometer is established. Using the model, the full-disk LW and SW outgoing radiative flux are gained by converting the unfiltered entrance pupil irradiances (EPIs) with the help of the anisotropic characteristics of the radiances. Based on the radiative transfer equation, the unfiltered EPI time series is used to validate the established model. By comparing the simulations for a Moon-based radiometer with the satellite-based data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology Advanced Radiometer (NISTAR) and the Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES) datasets, the simulations show that the daytime SW fluxes from the Moon-based measurements are expected to vary between 194 and 205 Wm\u22122; these simulations agree well with the CERES data. The simulations are about 5 to 20 Wm\u22122 smaller than the NISTAR data. For the simulated Moon-based LW fluxes, the range is 251~287 Wm\u22122. The Moon-based and NISTAR fluxes are consistently 5~15 Wm\u22122 greater than CERES LW fluxes, and both of them also show larger diurnal variations compared with the CERES fluxes. The correlation coefficients of SW fluxes for Moon-based data and NISTAR data are 0.97, 0.63, and 0.53 for the months of July, August, and September, respectively. Compared with the SW flux, the correlation of LW fluxes is more stable for the same period and the correlation coefficients are 0.87, 0.69, and 0.61 for July to September 2017.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1690768130000},"page":"3773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Model for Estimating the Earth\u2019s Outgoing Radiative Flux from A Moon-Based Radiometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5958-9994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"Royal Observatory of Belgium, Avenue Circulaire 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Dewitte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Observatory of Belgium, Avenue Circulaire 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengshan","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000449","article-title":"The albedo of Earth","volume":"53","author":"Stephens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. 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