{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T06:07:09Z","timestamp":1775714829604,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"the BGS International NC programme \u2018Geoscience to tackle Global Environmental Challenges\u2019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/X006255\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/X006255\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the RESERVOIR project (sustainable groundwater RESources managEment by integrating eaRth observation deriVed monitoring and flOw modelIng Results), funded by the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) programme supported by the European Union","award":["NE\/X006255\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/X006255\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interferometric Synthetic Aperture (InSAR) time series measurements are widely used to monitor a variety of processes including subsidence, landslides, and volcanic activity. However, interpreting large InSAR datasets can be difficult due to the volume of data generated, requiring sophisticated signal-processing techniques to extract meaningful information. We propose a novel framework for interpreting the large number of ground displacement measurements derived from InSAR time series techniques using a three-step process: (1) dimensionality reduction of the displacement time series from an InSAR data stack; (2) clustering of the reduced dataset; and (3) detecting and quantifying accelerations and decelerations of deforming areas using a change detection method. The displacement rates, spatial variation, and the spatio-temporal nature of displacement accelerations and decelerations are used to investigate the physical behaviour of the deforming ground by linking the timing and location of changes in displacement rates to potential causal and triggering factors. We tested the method over the Bandung Basin in Indonesia using Sentinel-1 data processed with the small baseline subset InSAR time series technique. The results showed widespread subsidence in the central basin with rates up to 18.7 cm\/yr. We identified 12 main clusters of subsidence, of which three covering a total area of 22 km2 show accelerating subsidence, four clusters over 52 km2 show a linear trend, and five show decelerating subsidence over an area of 22 km2. This approach provides an objective way to monitor and interpret ground movements, and is a valuable tool for understanding the physical behaviour of large deforming areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1690768130000},"page":"3776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Clustering Approach for the Analysis of InSAR Time Series: Application to the Bandung Basin (Indonesia)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4772-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Rygus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9682-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Novellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6921-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekbal","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK"}]},{"given":"Fifik","family":"Syafiudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Information Agency of Indonesia (Badan Informasi Geospasial), Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 193, Dago, Kecamatan Coblong, Kota Bandung 40135, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Heri","family":"Andreas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Institute of Technology Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3673-3794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Meisina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 1, Pavia 27100, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.04.005","article-title":"Generation of Three-Dimensional Deformation Maps from InSAR Data Using Spectral Diversity Techniques","volume":"65","author":"Erten","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. 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