{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T21:43:18Z","timestamp":1765143798284,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1301105","31870453","32001162","2021M702131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1301105","31870453","32001162","2021M702131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1301105","31870453","32001162","2021M702131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1301105","31870453","32001162","2021M702131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1301105","31870453","32001162","2021M702131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1301105","31870453","32001162","2021M702131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Individual tree detection for urban forests in subtropical environments remains a great challenge due to the various types of forest structures, high canopy closures, and the mixture of evergreen and deciduous broadleaved trees. Existing treetop detection methods based on the canopy-height model (CHM) from UAV images cannot resolve commission errors in heterogeneous urban forests with multiple trunks or strong lateral branches. In this study, we improved the traditional local-maximum (LM) algorithm using a dual Gaussian filter, variable window size, and local normalized correlation coefficient (NCC). Specifically, we adapted a crown model of maximum\/minimum tree-crown radii and an angle strategy to detect treetops. We then removed and merged the pending tree vertices. Our results showed that our improved LM algorithm had an average user accuracy (UA) of 87.3% (SD\u00b1 4.6), an average producer accuracy (PA) of 82.8% (SD\u00b1 4.1), and an overall accuracy of 93.3% (SD\u00b1 3.9) for sample plots with canopy closures less than 0.5. As for the sample plots with canopy closures from 0.5 to 1, the accuracies were 78.6% (SD\u00b1 31.5), 73.8% (SD\u00b1 10.3), and 68.1% (SD\u00b1 12.7), respectively. The tree-height estimation accuracy reached more than 0.96, with an average RMSE of 0.61 m. Our results show that the UAV-image-derived CHM can be used to accurately detect individual trees in mixed forests in subtropical cities like Shanghai, China, to provide vital tree-structure parameters for precise and sustainable forest management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1690768130000},"page":"3779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Urban Treetop Detection and Tree-Height Estimation from Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minghao","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanchi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication & Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caiyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 16, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linke","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai 200232, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Bao Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201900, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuzhong","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Bao Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201900, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4499-437X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2012.06.006","article-title":"A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones","volume":"11","author":"Roy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urban For. 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