{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:56:23Z","timestamp":1774436183815,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]],"date-time":"2023-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["KF-2022-07-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2022-07-016"]}]},{"name":"the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["42001357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001357"]}]},{"name":"the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["41871331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871331"]}]},{"name":"the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["KLGIS2022A04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLGIS2022A04"]}]},{"name":"the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources","award":["2023A1515012487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515012487"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KF-2022-07-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2022-07-016"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42001357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001357"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41871331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871331"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KLGIS2022A04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLGIS2022A04"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023A1515012487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515012487"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University","award":["KF-2022-07-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2022-07-016"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University","award":["42001357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001357"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University","award":["41871331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871331"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University","award":["KLGIS2022A04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLGIS2022A04"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University","award":["2023A1515012487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515012487"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["KF-2022-07-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2022-07-016"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42001357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001357"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["41871331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871331"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["KLGIS2022A04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLGIS2022A04"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2023A1515012487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515012487"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Building height serves as an essential feature of urban morphology that provides valuable insights into human socio-cultural behaviors and their impact on the environment in an urban milieu. However, openly accessible building height information at the individual building level is still lacking and remains sorely limited. Previous studies have shown that the ICESat-2\u2032s ATL03\/08 products are of good accuracy for urban building heights retrieval, however, these studies are limited to areas with available data coverage. To this end, we propose a method for extracting urban building height by using ICESat-2 ATL03 photons and high-resolution remote sensing images. We first extracted the information of building roof to footprint offsets and building shadows from high resolution imagery using multitasking CNN frameworks. Using the building height samples calculated from ICESat-2 ATL03 photons, we developed a building height estimation method that combines building offset and shadow length information. We assessed the efficacy of the proposed method in the Wujiaochang area of Shanghai city, China. The results indicated that the proposed method is able to extract building height with a MAE of 4.7 m, and outperforms the traditional shadow-based and offset-based method. We believe that the proposed method is a good candidate for accurately retrieving building heights on a city-wide scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1690768130000},"page":"3786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Utilizing Building Offset and Shadow to Retrieve Urban Building Heights with ICESat-2 Photons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1511-2457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Hailan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.07.007","article-title":"Six fundamental aspects for conceptualizing multidimensional urban form: A spatial mapping perspective","volume":"179","author":"Wentz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. 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