{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:51:38Z","timestamp":1778719898285,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"ARED\/BreTel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-17-EURE-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-EURE-0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cInvestissements d\u2019Avenir\u201d","award":["ANR-17-EURE-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-EURE-0015"]}]},{"name":"CNES (HIRACLES Project)","award":["ANR-17-EURE-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-EURE-0015"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Council of the Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer","award":["ANR-17-EURE-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-EURE-0015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many issues arise from the recession of sea cliffs, including threats to coastal communities and infrastructure. The best proxy to study cliff instability processes is the cliff face evolution. Unfortunately, due to its verticality, this proxy is difficult to observe and measure. This study proposed and compared three remote sensing methods based on structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry or stereorestitution: boat-based SfM photogrammetry with smartphones, unmanned aerial system (UAS) or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry with centimetric positioning and Pl\u00e9iades tri-stereo imagery. An inter-comparison showed that the mean distance between the point clouds produced by the different methods was about 2 m. The satellite approach had the advantage of covering greater distances. The SfM photogrammetry approach from a boat allowed for a better reconstruction of the cliff foot (especially in the case of overhangs). However, over long distances, significant geometric distortions affected the method. The UAS with centimetric positioning offered a good compromise, but flight autonomy limited the extent of the monitored area. SfM photogrammetry from a boat can be used as an initial estimate for risk management services following a localized emergency. For long-term monitoring of the coastline and its evolution, satellite photogrammetry is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:24:24Z","timestamp":1690881864000},"page":"3824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Smartphone Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry from a Boat for Coastal Cliff Face Monitoring Compared with Pl\u00e9iades Tri-Stereoscopic Imagery and Unmanned Aerial System Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8600-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zo\u00e9","family":"Bessin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Ocean, University Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR6538, F-29280 Plouzane, France"},{"name":"LETG-Brest, University Brest, CNRS, UMR6554, F-29280 Plouzane, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7629-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Jaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Ocean, University Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR6538, F-29280 Plouzane, France"},{"name":"P\u00f4le Image et Instrumentation\u2014IUEM, University Brest, CNRS, IRD, UAR 3113, F-29280 Plouzane, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4035-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Letortu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LETG-Brest, University Brest, CNRS, UMR6554, F-29280 Plouzane, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Vassilakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Geography & Climatology, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistiomioupoli Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7817-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niki","family":"Evelpidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Geography & Climatology, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistiomioupoli Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDEES, Normandie University, UNICAEN, CNRS, UMR 6266, F-14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Delacourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Ocean, University Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR6538, F-29280 Plouzane, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2022.108211","article-title":"Experimental field study on the fatigue and failure mechanisms of coastal chalk cliffs: Implementation of a multi-parameter monitoring system (Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer, France)","volume":"408","author":"Letortu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, K., Mintenbeck, K., Alegr\u00eda, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., L\u00f6schke, S., and M\u00f6ller, V. 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