{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T14:41:18Z","timestamp":1769265678008,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42076238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23ZR1426900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1426900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["42076238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076238"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["23ZR1426900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1426900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of our work is to investigate the performance of fusion wind from multiple remote-sensed data in forcing numeric wave models, and the experiment is described herein. In this study, 0.125\u00b0 gridded wind fields at 12 h intervals were fused by using swath products from an advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) (a Haiyang-2B (HY-2B) scatterometer) and a spaceborne polarimetric microwave radiometer (WindSAT) during the period November 2019 to October 2020. The daily average wind speeds were compared with observations from National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), yielding a 1.66 m\/s root mean squared error (RMSE) with a 0.81 correlation (COR). This suggests that fusion wind was reliable for our work. The fusion winds were used for hindcasting sea surface waves by using two third-generation numeric wave models, denoted as WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) and Simulation Wave Nearshore (SWAN). The WW3-simulated waves in the North Pacific Ocean and the SWAN-simulated waves in the Gulf of Mexico were validated against the measurements from the NDBC buoys and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA-5) for the period June\u2212September 2020. The analysis of significant wave heights (SWHs) up to 9 m yielded a &lt; 0.5 m RMSE with a &gt; 0.8 COR for the WW3 and SWAN models. Therefore, it was believed that the accuracy of the simulation using the two numeric models was comparable with that forced by a numeric atmospheric model. An error analysis was systematically conducted by comparing the modeled WW3-simulated SWHs with the monthly average products from the HY-2B and a Jason-3 altimeter over global seas. The seasonal analysis showed that the differences in the SWHs (i.e., altimeter minus the WW3) were within \u00b11.5 m in March and June; however, the difference was quite significant in December. It was concluded that remote-sensed fusion wind can serve as a driving force for hindcasting waves using numeric wave models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:24:24Z","timestamp":1690881864000},"page":"3825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Can Sea Surface Waves Be Simulated by Numerical Wave Models Using the Fusion Data from Remote-Sensed Winds?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3693-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weizeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Sea Survey Center, Ministry of Transport of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Shanghai 200137, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuyi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7957","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0219.1","article-title":"Wind and wave climate in the Arctic Ocean as observed by Altimeters","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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