{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:28:26Z","timestamp":1770708506641,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tianchi Doctor Program of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["TCBS202140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCBS202140"]}]},{"name":"Tianchi Doctor Program of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["620321046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["620321046"]}]},{"name":"Tianchi Doctor Program of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["42001219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001219"]}]},{"name":"Tianchi Doctor Program of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["42101104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101104"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang University","award":["TCBS202140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCBS202140"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang University","award":["620321046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["620321046"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang University","award":["42001219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001219"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang University","award":["42101104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101104"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["TCBS202140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCBS202140"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["620321046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["620321046"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42001219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001219"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42101104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42101104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grassland degradation is widespread and increasing globally, which is closely related to the sustainable development of the ecosystems and the well-being of human life in pastoral areas. Quantifying the factors influencing grassland ecosystems, specifically climate change and human activities, is of great significance for grassland restoration. However, due to the unpredictability of human activities, further research is still needed to distinguish and identify the factors affecting grasslands. In this study, we examined the changes in the gross primary productivity (GPP) of grassland cover in 10 provinces (autonomous regions) of China from 2000 to 2018 and selected three representative climate factors (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation) and six factors covering socioeconomic (primary industry production and population), animal husbandry (large livestock and sheep populations), and national policies (grazing areas, rodent, and pest control) to characterize human activities; then, we quantified the effects and contribution of climate and human factors using three analysis methods (partial correlation analysis, geographical and temporal weighted regression model, and Lindeman Merenda Gold method). The results indicated that the GPP of grassland presented an obvious uptrend (4.75 g C m\u22122 yr\u22121, p &lt; 0.05). Among the nine factors, sheep, precipitation, and temperature were the primary factors affecting grassland dynamics. Additionally, the GPP dynamics of grassland were mainly dominated by human activities in seven provinces (autonomous regions). These findings provide decision support for protecting grassland ecosystems and implementing ecological restoration policies in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:13:06Z","timestamp":1691061186000},"page":"3864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Impacts of Climate and Human Activities on Grassland Productivity Variation in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yayong","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical and Remote Sensing Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Institute of Geographical Science, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographical Science, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical and Remote Sensing Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]},{"given":"Guoxuan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical and Remote Sensing Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Laboratory of Lake Environment and Resources in Arid Zone, Urumqi 830054, China"},{"name":"College of Geographic Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2017.08.008","article-title":"Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Carbon Sequestration in China\u2019s Grassland","volume":"173","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8369","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208063110","article-title":"Innovative Grassland Management Systems for Environmental and Livelihood Benefits","volume":"110","author":"Kemp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-008-0046-8","article-title":"Soil Erosion Tolerance and Water Runoff Control: Minimum Environmental Standards","volume":"9","author":"Bazzoffi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13592","article-title":"Grassland gross carbon dioxide uptake based on an improved model tree ensemble approach considering human interventions: Global estimation and covariation with climate","volume":"23","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.12.011","article-title":"Evaluation of semiarid grassland degradation in North China from multiple perspectives","volume":"112","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-021-00207-2","article-title":"Combatting global grassland degradation","volume":"2","author":"Bardgett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106141","article-title":"Identifying the effect of climate change on desertification in northern China via trend analysis of potential evapotranspiration and precipitation","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-13-45-2016","article-title":"Environmental controls on the increasing GPP of terrestrial vegetation across northern Eurasia","volume":"13","author":"Dass","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.10.009","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS gross primary productivity (GPP) in tropical monsoon regions","volume":"100","author":"Gebremichael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109323","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evolutionary and mechanism analysis of grassland GPP in China","volume":"143","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.08.019","article-title":"Grassland degradation remote sensing monitoring and driving factors quantitative assessment in China from 1982 to 2010","volume":"83","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2016.03.006","article-title":"Quantitative assess the driving forces on the grassland degradation in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau, in China","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Inf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.01.002","article-title":"The impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on alpine grassland over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"189","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.503","article-title":"Grassland dynamics in responses to climate variation and human activities in China from 2000 to 2013","volume":"690","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115612","article-title":"Quantifying the influences of climate change and human activities on the grassland in the Southwest Transboundary Basin, China","volume":"319","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3322-6","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the contributions of climate change and human activities on global grassland degradation","volume":"72","author":"Gang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2018.05.014","article-title":"Grazing induced changes in plant diversity is a critical factor controlling grassland productivity in the Desert Steppe, Northern China","volume":"265","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2016.04.024","article-title":"Process-based simulation of growth and overwintering of grassland using the BASGRA model","volume":"335","author":"Cameron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5949","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4099","article-title":"Current challenges in distinguishing climatic and anthropogenic contributions to alpine grassland variation on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17221\/610\/2017-PSE","article-title":"Overgrazing depresses soil carbon stock through changing plant diversity in temperate grassland of the Loess Plateau","volume":"64","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134304","article-title":"Impact of human activities and climate change on the grassland dynamics under different regime policies in the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"698","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2020.12.007","article-title":"Assessing human-environment system sustainability based on Regional Safe and Just Operating Space: The case of the Inner Mongolia Grassland","volume":"116","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-011-0264-3","article-title":"Spatial analysis of the driving factors of grassland degradation under conditions of climate change and intensive use in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.012","article-title":"Institutional change in social-ecological systems: The evolution of grassland management in Inner Mongolia","volume":"47","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13133","article-title":"A synthesis of the effect of grazing exclusion on carbon dynamics in grasslands in China","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1890\/15-1332","article-title":"Grazing Intensity Differentially Regulates Anpp Response to recipitation in North American Semiarid Grasslands","volume":"26","author":"Irisarri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-697X.2005.00003.x","article-title":"The grassland farming system and sustainable agricultural development in China","volume":"51","author":"Nan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Grassland Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2020.e00928","article-title":"Impact of climate change on primary production of Inner Mongolian grasslands","volume":"22","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1108\/CAER-09-2020-0221","article-title":"The effect of grassland transfer on herders\u2019 livestock production and grazing intensity in Inner Mongolia and Gansu, China","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Agric. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109810","article-title":"Environmental and management controls of soil carbon storage in grasslands of southwestern China","volume":"254","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156553","article-title":"Quantifying the contributions of climate change and human activities to vegetation dynamic in China based on multiple indices","volume":"838","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.108183","article-title":"Contributions of climate change, elevated atmospheric CO2 and human activities to ET and GPP trends in the Three-North Region of China","volume":"295","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107938","article-title":"Ecological restoration policy should pay more attention to the high productivity grasslands","volume":"129","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.022","article-title":"Impacts of climate change and human activities on grassland vegetation variation in the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"660","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2016.09.004","article-title":"Comparative assessment of grassland degradation dynamics in response to climate variation and human activities in China, Mongolia, Pakistan and Uzbekistan from 2000 to 2013","volume":"135","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2672","article-title":"Combining spot4-vegetation and meteorological data derived land cover map in China","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"National Earth System Science Data Center (2022, October 08). National Science & Technology Infrastructure of China. Available online: http:\/\/www.geodata.cn."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.805262","article-title":"A Long-term Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) Dataset for Environmental Studies","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E323","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-18-0341.1","article-title":"The global land surface satellite (glass) product suite","volume":"102","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, T., Sun, R., Xiao, Z.Q., Zhang, Q., Liu, G., Cui, T.X., and Wang, J.M. (2018). Estimation of global vegetation productivity from global land surface satellite data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020327"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Yang, K., and He, J. (2019). China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (1979\u20132018), National Tibetan Plateau Data Center. Available online: https:\/\/data.tpdc.ac.cn\/zh-hans\/data\/8028b944-daaa-4511-8769-965612652c49\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3907-2021","article-title":"The 30 m annual land cover dataset and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2012.01.160","article-title":"Adaptation to the policy-oriented livelihood change in Xilingol grassland, Northern China","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117769","article-title":"Grassland biodiversity and ecosystem functions benefit more from cattle than sheep in mixed grazing: A meta-analysis","volume":"337","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2029","article-title":"Grassland ecosystems in China: Review of current knowledge and research advancement","volume":"362","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.044","article-title":"Gauging policy-driven large-scale vegetation restoration programmes under a changing environment: Their effectiveness and socio-economic relationships","volume":"607","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934","article-title":"Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall\u2019s tau","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109429","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of vegetation coverage and quantitative analysis of its potential driving forces in the Qilian Mountains, China, 2000\u20132020","volume":"143","author":"Zuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Kendall, M.G. (1970). Rank Correlation Methods, Griffin."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancino, G., Console, R., Greco, M., Lacovino, C., Trivigno, L.M., and Falciano, A. (2022). Assessing vegetation decline due to pollution from solid waste management by a multitemporal remote sensing approach. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020428"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JG004751","article-title":"Cumulative effects of climatic factors on terrestrial vegetation growth","volume":"124","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12071","article-title":"Geographical and temporal weighted regression (GTWR)","volume":"47","author":"Fotheringham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1996.tb00936.x","article-title":"Geographically weighted regression: A method for exploring spatial nonstationarity","volume":"28","author":"Brunsdon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802672469","article-title":"Geographically and temporally weighted regression for modeling spatio-temporal variation in house prices","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relative importance for linear regression in R: Te package relaimpo","volume":"17","author":"Gromping","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Stat. Sofw."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115509","article-title":"Assessment of vegetation change on the Mongolian Plateau over three decades using different remote sensing products","volume":"317","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, Y.Y., Zhang, B.Q., He, C.S., and Shao, R. (2019). Detecting Vegetation Variations and Main Drivers over the Agropastoral Ecotone of Northern China through the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition Method. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11161860"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X.N., Niu, J.Z., Berndtsson, R., Yu, X.X., Zhang, L., and Chen, X.W. (2020). NDVI dynamics and its response to climate change and reforestation in northern China. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12244138"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2021.e01574","article-title":"Evaluating the dynamics of grassland net primary productivity in response to climate change in China","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, J., Wang, Y.Y., Teng, H.F., Wang, N., Li, D.L., Peng, J., Biswas, A., and Shi, Z. (2021). Dynamics of Vegetation Greenness and Its Response to Climate Change in Xinjiang over the Past Two Decades. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204063"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2021.e01933","article-title":"Precipitation drives the floristic composition and diversity of temperate grasslands in China","volume":"32","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.04.020","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the contributions of climatic and human factors to grassland productivity in northern China","volume":"103","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4400","article-title":"Changes in temperature and precipitation extreme indices over China: Analysis of a high-resolution grid dataset","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-0351-4","article-title":"CMIP6 evaluation and projection of temperature and precipitation over China","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.399","article-title":"Increasing sensitivity of alpine grasslands to climate variability along an elevational gradient on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"678","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.104298","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations in vegetation types based on a climatic grassland classification system during the past 30 years in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"185","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128257","article-title":"Vegetation restoration dominated the variation of water use efficiency in China","volume":"612","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00953","article-title":"Changes in precipitation with climate change","volume":"47","author":"Trenberth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.2307\/2404487","article-title":"The fate of legume seeds eaten by sheep from a Mediterranean grassland","volume":"29","author":"Russi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. App. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22899","article-title":"Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales","volume":"546","author":"Isbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-020-0060-z","article-title":"A typology of compound weather and climate events","volume":"1","author":"Zscheischler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127710","article-title":"Experimental study on simultaneous heat-water-salt migration of bare soil subjected to evaporation","volume":"609","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154550","article-title":"Grassland productivity response to droughts in northern China monitored by satellite-based solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"830","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107215","article-title":"Remote sensing inversion of grassland aboveground biomass based on high accuracy surface modeling","volume":"121","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1071\/RJ08011","article-title":"Perspectives on livestock production systems in China","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rangel. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2020.101218","article-title":"Enhancing ecological value through sustainable food supply of grasslands in the Three-River-Source National Park, Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Y.J., L\u00fc, Y.H., Fu, B.J., Comber, A., Li, T., and Hu, J. (2020). Driving factors of land change in china\u2019s loess plateau: Quantification using geographically weighted regression and management implications. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030453"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2022.01.002","article-title":"Grassland ecological subsidy policy and livestock reduction behavior: A case study of herdsmen in northern China","volume":"81","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2019.03.014","article-title":"Impacts of the grassland ecological compensation policy on household livestock production in China: An empirical study in Inner Mongolia","volume":"161","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/15\/3864\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:25:27Z","timestamp":1760127927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/15\/3864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15153864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15153864","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]}}}