{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:11:59Z","timestamp":1775704319455,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering (CAPE)","award":["NSTC 111-2634-F-008-001-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2634-F-008-001-"]}]},{"name":"Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering (CAPE)","award":["111-2111-M-008-031-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2111-M-008-031-"]}]},{"name":"Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering (CAPE)","award":["112-2111-M-008-009-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2111-M-008-009-"]}]},{"name":"Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering (CAPE)","award":["NSPO-S-111517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSPO-S-111517"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["NSTC 111-2634-F-008-001-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2634-F-008-001-"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["111-2111-M-008-031-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2111-M-008-031-"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["112-2111-M-008-009-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2111-M-008-009-"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["NSPO-S-111517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSPO-S-111517"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan","award":["NSTC 111-2634-F-008-001-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2634-F-008-001-"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan","award":["111-2111-M-008-031-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2111-M-008-031-"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan","award":["112-2111-M-008-009-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2111-M-008-009-"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan","award":["NSPO-S-111517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSPO-S-111517"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Space Agency (TASA)","award":["NSTC 111-2634-F-008-001-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 111-2634-F-008-001-"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Space Agency (TASA)","award":["111-2111-M-008-031-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2111-M-008-031-"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Space Agency (TASA)","award":["112-2111-M-008-009-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2111-M-008-009-"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan Space Agency (TASA)","award":["NSPO-S-111517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSPO-S-111517"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global Ionospheric Specification (GIS) is based on the Gauss\u2013Markov Kalman filter to assimilate the slant total electron content (TEC) observed from ground-based GPS receivers and space-based radio occultation instrumentations in order to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) ionospheric electron density structure, and it can remotely sense and monitor the weather condition in space. In this study, five minutes of high temporal resolution GIS is implemented in order to reconstruct the 3D electron density structure on the 21 August 2017 total solar eclipse and analyze the variations induced by the moon\u2019s shadow. To obtain more information of the ionosphere, from the extend 2200 GPS stations on the continental United States, are added for assimilation. The results show the ionosphere peak height (hmF2) uplift was 30\u201350 km altitude in latitude 25\u201340\u00b0N, and that the electron density depletion at higher altitudes (400 km) has a more noticeable time delay than at low altitudes (200 km), especially in low-latitude regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T10:25:36Z","timestamp":1691231136000},"page":"3887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Ionospheric Three-Dimensional Electron Density Variations Induced by the 21 August 2017 Total Solar Eclipse by Using Global Ionospheric Specification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7061-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Yen","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Space Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1468-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jann-Yenq","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Space Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Charles Chien-Hung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Min-Yang","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/132442a0","article-title":"Effect of the Solar Eclipse on the Ionosphere","volume":"132","author":"Mitra","year":"1933","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ070i001p00131","article-title":"An F region eclipse","volume":"70","author":"Evans","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. 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