{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:49:58Z","timestamp":1768297798840,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52274182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52274182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The caving method and mining disturbance may cause geological issues. The advance prediction of unfavorable geological bodies should be conducted to ensure product safety in the underground mine. In this study, we proposed the OCTEM-PHA analysis process and analyzed the Tongkeng Mine in Guangxi. Further, we conducted opposing-coil transient electromagnetic method (OCTEM) detection on four detection lines in T5-1 stope at mine level 386 by using portable geological remote sensing equipment and created inversion maps. Plot profiles and coupling were analyzed with inversion maps to explore the five types of risk factors presented in the mine. The preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) method was used for five types of risk factors to predict the accident consequence and develop safety countermeasures. The results indicate the following: (1) the OCTEM-PHA safety analysis process for unfavorable geological bodies is realistic and feasible. (2) OCTEM shows an excellent response to both high- and low-resistance anomalies in practical engineering applications. The coupling analysis of profiles and inversion maps helps visually analyze the area of apparent resistivity anomalies. (3) The studied mine did not show overhanging formed by the overlying rock layer and large loose void areas. However, the crumbling mining area should be further optimized for balanced mining, the treatment of groundwater and surface water should be improved, and the comparative analysis with the follow-up detection results should be increased.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T10:25:36Z","timestamp":1691231136000},"page":"3888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Research on Detection and Safety Analysis of Unfavorable Geological Bodies Based on OCTEM-PHA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8359-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1293-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zijin School of Gelolgy and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0777-8953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanping","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Tan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.04.024","article-title":"Opportunities and Challenges in Deep Mining: A Brief Review","volume":"3","author":"Ranjith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-022-10195-1","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility modeling based on remote sensing data and data mining techniques","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Fan, X., Huang, F., Chen, W., Hong, H., Huang, J., and Guo, Z. (2020). Uncertainties Analysis of Collapse Susceptibility Prediction Based on Remote Sensing and GIS: Influences of Different Data-Based Models and Connections between Collapses and Environmental Factors. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12244134"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"870","article-title":"Mining Disturbance Analysis in Metal Mine Based on Micromine-FLAC3D Coupling Technology","volume":"29","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Min. Saf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2017.05.008","article-title":"On the Mechanism of Inrush Hazards hen Denghuozhai Tunnel Passing Through Granite Contact Zone","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"563","article-title":"Investigation of the Time-Dependent Strata Movement Behaviour Caused by Caving Method","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, K., Chen, C., Wang, T., Zheng, Y., and Wang, Y. (2022). Estimating the Geological Strength Index and Disturbance Factor in the Hoek-Brown Criterion Using the Acoustic Wave Velocity in the Rock Mass. Eng. Geol., 306.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2022.106745"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7507-2","article-title":"Analysis of the Surface Deformation Characteristics and Strata Movement Mechanism in the Main Shaft Area of Chengchao Iron Mine","volume":"77","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Z., Du, Z., Zhang, F., Huang, F., Chen, J., Li, W., and Guo, Z. (2020). Landslide Susceptibility Prediction Based on Remote Sensing Images and GIS: Comparisons of Supervised and Unsupervised Machine Learning Models. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030502"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Liu, Y., Yin, C., Su, Y., Ren, X., and Zhang, B. (2023). Three-Dimensional Dual-Mesh Inversions for Sparse Surface-to-Borehole TEM Data. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15071845"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, H., Lei, D., Wang, Z., and Fu, C. (2023). A Mesh Mapping-Based Cooperative Inversion Strategy for Airborne Transient Electromagnetic and Magnetic Methods. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010125"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26680-3","article-title":"Research on Comprehensive Detection and Visualize of Hidden Cavity Goaf","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of Comprehensive Geophysical Prospecting Method in the Exploration of Coal Mined-Out Areas","volume":"2019","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"11014","article-title":"Separation of DC Elecrical Method Anomaly by Using Multifractral Modelling","volume":"31","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fresenius Environ. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Wang, P. (2023). Advanced Detection Technology of Ground-Borehole DC Resistivity Method. Earth Sci., 1\u201311. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"3015","article-title":"Research on Forward Modeling of \u201cTriangular Cone\u201d Type Direct Current Method For Heading Detection","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-021-01933-6","article-title":"Detecting Goaf Ahead of the Mine Tunnel Using SAP: A Case Study in Iron Mine, China","volume":"40","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1808","article-title":"Analysis of Characteristics of Seismic Section in Goaf Area","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2113\/JEEG22.4.375","article-title":"High-resolution P- and S-wave Seismic Reflection Followed by Engineering Modeling for Geotechnical Site Characterization in Southern Illinois","volume":"22","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Feng, X., Bano, M., Xing, H., Wang, T., Liang, W., Zhou, H., Dong, Z., An, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Review of Ground Penetrating Radar Applications for Water Dynamics Studies in Unsaturated Zone. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14235993"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, F., Rui, X., Fan, X., and Zhang, H. (2022). Review of GPR Activities in Civil Infrastructures: Data Analysis and Applications. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14235972"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177332","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2951774","article-title":"A Review of Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods for Coal Mine Exploration in China","volume":"7","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-010-0862-2","article-title":"Researches on Detection of 3-D Underground Cave Based on TEM Technique","volume":"64","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2003.08.004","article-title":"The Application of the Transient Electromagnetic Method in Hydrogeophysical Surveys","volume":"53","author":"Danielsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Zhi, Q., Deng, X., Wang, X., Chen, X., Zhao, Y., and Huang, Y. (2022). Deep Gold Exploration with SQUID TEM in the Qingchengzi Orefield, Eastern Liaoning, Northeast China. Minerals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/min12010102"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Liu, X., Liu, J., Li, E., Yue, P., and Yan, S. (2018). Application of Transient Electromagnetic Method for Investigating the Water-Enriched Mined-Out Area. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8101800"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2901856","article-title":"Detection of Water-Filled Mining Goaf Using Mining Transient Electromagnetic Method","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ieee Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3428","article-title":"Opposing Coils Transient Electromagnetic Method for Shallow Subsurface Detection","volume":"59","author":"Xi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909848","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.909848","article-title":"Detection of Permafrost in Shallow Bedrock Areas with the Opposing Coils Transient Electromagnetic Method","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2113\/JEEG24.1.129","article-title":"Review of Geophysical Exploration on Mined-out Areas and Water Abundance","volume":"24","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180212","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180212","article-title":"Assessment of Petrochemical Enterprise Using the Cloud Model, PHA-LOPA and the Bow-Tie Model","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2019.04.013","article-title":"Methodology and Case Study of Quantitative Preliminary Hazard Analysis Based on Cloud Model","volume":"60","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12748","article-title":"Performing a Preliminary Hazard Analysis Applied to Administration of Injectable Drugs to Infants","volume":"23","author":"Hfaiedh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2022.106163","article-title":"Improved FMECA for Effective Risk Management Decision Making by Failure Modes Classification under Uncertainty","volume":"135","author":"Giallanza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4518","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-014-2456-8","article-title":"System Failure Analysis Based on DEMATEL-ISM and FMECA","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.08.076","article-title":"Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Analysis. A Literature Review","volume":"173","author":"Dunjo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2019.02.007","article-title":"A Proactive Process Risk Assessment Approach Based on Job Hazard Analysis and Resilient Engineering","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1741","article-title":"Integration of Fisk Matrix and Event Tree Analysis: A Natural Stone Plant Case","volume":"42","author":"Ozfirat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sadhana-Acad. Proc. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.01.058","article-title":"An Overview of Fault Tree Analysis and its Application in Model Based Dependability Analysis","volume":"77","author":"Kabir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1397","article-title":"Research on Rapid Detection of Seawater Intrusion Based on Opposing-Coil Transient Electromagnetic Method","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062055","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1176\/6\/062055","article-title":"A Study on Detection of Goaf Water of Tianli-Tianxin Coal Mine Based on Transient Electromagnetic Method","volume":"1176","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geog.2016.04.014","article-title":"Mapping Coalmine Goaf Using Transient Electromagnetic Method and High Density Resistivity Method in Ordos City, China","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"8","article-title":"In Situ Fragmentation Blasting Technology in Mining of High Stress Broken Ore Body","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nonferrous Met. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"303","article-title":"Abnormal Characteristic of TEM Response for Prospecting Depth and Margin Area of Tin Polymetallic Deposit in Dachang","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Guilin Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"614","article-title":"Application of Magnetotelluric Sounding Method in the Survey and Evaluation of Shale Gas Resources in North Guangxi","volume":"36","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Miner. Resour. Geol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Yang, K.K. (2021). Lutang Tailing Pond\u2019s Karst Development Characteristics and Its Groundwater Environment Impact, Guilin University of Technology. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062015","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/237\/6\/062015","article-title":"Electromagnetic Response Characteristics Research on Mine Different Geological Body","volume":"237","author":"Mu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2019.103058","article-title":"Deposits Sources of Inrush Hazards for the Liangshan Tunnel Passing Through Deeply Buried Granite","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2018.01.022","article-title":"Characteristics of Granite Contact Zone and Treatment Measures for Inrush Hazards During Tunnel Construction\u2013A Case Study","volume":"235","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/15\/3888\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:26:31Z","timestamp":1760127991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/15\/3888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15153888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15153888","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]}}}