{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T21:09:15Z","timestamp":1779397755840,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tianshan Talent Program of Xinjiang, China","award":["2022TSYCCX0042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCCX0042"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Program of Xinjiang, China","award":["42071046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071046"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Program of Xinjiang, China","award":["42130512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130512"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Program of Xinjiang, China","award":["2022-XBQNXZ-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-XBQNXZ-002"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Program of Xinjiang, China","award":["2019431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019431"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022TSYCCX0042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCCX0042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-XBQNXZ-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-XBQNXZ-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Western Young Scholar of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022TSYCCX0042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCCX0042"]}]},{"name":"Western Young Scholar of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42071046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071046"]}]},{"name":"Western Young Scholar of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42130512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130512"]}]},{"name":"Western Young Scholar of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022-XBQNXZ-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-XBQNXZ-002"]}]},{"name":"Western Young Scholar of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2019431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019431"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022TSYCCX0042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCCX0042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-XBQNXZ-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-XBQNXZ-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Youth Talent Lifting Project of Xinjiang Province","award":["2022TSYCCX0042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCCX0042"]}]},{"name":"Youth Talent Lifting Project of Xinjiang Province","award":["42071046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071046"]}]},{"name":"Youth Talent Lifting Project of Xinjiang Province","award":["42130512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130512"]}]},{"name":"Youth Talent Lifting Project of Xinjiang Province","award":["2022-XBQNXZ-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-XBQNXZ-002"]}]},{"name":"Youth Talent Lifting Project of Xinjiang Province","award":["2019431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019431"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Analyzing the future changes in runoff is crucial for efficient water resources management and planning in arid regions with large river systems. This paper investigates the future runoffs of the headwaters of the Tarim River Basin under different emission scenarios by forcing the hydrological model SWAT-Glacier using six regional climate models from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) project. Results indicate that compared to the period of 1976~2005, temperatures are projected to increase by 1.22 \u00b1 0.72 \u00b0C during 2036~2065 under RCP8.5 scenarios, with a larger increment in the south Tianshan mountains and a lower increment in the north Kunlun Mountains. Precipitation is expected to increase by 3.81 \u00b1 14.72 mm and 20.53 \u00b1 27.65 mm during 2036\u20132065 and 2066\u20132095, respectively, under the RCP8.5 scenario. The mountainous runoffs of the four headwaters that directly recharge the mainstream of the Tarim River demonstrate an overall increasing trend in the 21st century. Under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the runoff is projected to increase by 3.2% and 3.9% (amounting to 7.84 \u00d7 108 m3 and 9.56 \u00d7 108 m3) in 2006\u20132035. Among them, the runoff of the Kaidu River, which is dominated by rainfall and snowmelt, is projected to present slightly decreasing trends of 3~8% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. For catchments located in the north Kunlun Mountains (e.g., the Yarkant and Hotan Rivers which are mix-recharged by glacier melt, snowmelt, and rainfall), the runoff will increase significantly, especially in summer due to increased glacier melt and precipitation. Seasonally, the Kaidu River shows a forward shift in peak flow. The summer streamflow in the Yarkant and Hotan rivers is expected to increase significantly, which poses challenges in flood risk management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15163922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:38:59Z","timestamp":1691498339000},"page":"3922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Projecting the Impact of Climate Change on Runoff in the Tarim River Simulated by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool Glacier Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1320-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonghuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Utilization in Arid Zone of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Sino-Belgian Joint Laboratory for Geo-Information, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qifei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographical Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022EF002776","DOI":"10.1029\/2022EF002776","article-title":"Contrasting fate of western Third Pole\u2019s water resources under 21st century climate change","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Future"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-017-0049-x","article-title":"Global-scale hydrological response to future glacier mass loss","volume":"8","author":"Huss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-018-0134-9","article-title":"Global assessment of water challenges under uncertainty in water scarcity projections","volume":"1","author":"Greve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IPCC (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, IPCC."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y. (2014). Water Resources Research in Northwest China, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8017-9"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24180-y","article-title":"High Mountain Asian glacier response to climate revealed by multi-temporal satellite observations since the 1960s","volume":"12","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-22-0036.1","article-title":"Runoff regime, change, and attribution in the upper Syr Darya and Amu Darya, central Asia","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020WR029266","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR029266","article-title":"Variable 21st century climate change response for rivers in High Mountain Asia at seasonal to decadal time scales","volume":"57","author":"Khanal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1240-1","article-title":"Asia\u2019s shrinking glaciers protect large populations from drought stress","volume":"569","author":"Pritchard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183188","article-title":"Climate change will affect the Asian water towers","volume":"328","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2022.12.004","article-title":"A new projection for glacier mass and runoff changes over High Mountain Asia","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01659-8","article-title":"Projected increase in global runoff dominated by land surface changes","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01074-x","article-title":"Climate change decisive for Asia\u2019s snow meltwater supply","volume":"11","author":"Kraaijenbrink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-19-747-2015","article-title":"Model study of the impacts of future climate change on the hydrology of Ganges\u2013Brahmaputra\u2013Meghna basin","volume":"19","author":"Masood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3189\/172756410790595831","article-title":"The glacier inventory of China","volume":"50","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"385","article-title":"Changes and Protection Suggestions in Water Resources and Ecological Environment in Arid Region of Northwest China","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054024","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/5\/054024","article-title":"Projections for headwater catchments of the Tarim River reveal glacier retreat and decreasing surface water availability but uncertainties are large","volume":"11","author":"Duethmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2017.227","article-title":"Impact of GCM structure uncertainty on hydrological processes in an arid area of China","volume":"49","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-022-03343-w","article-title":"Projected climate change and its impacts on glaciers and water resources in the headwaters of the Tarim River, NW China\/Kyrgyzstan","volume":"171","author":"Wortmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2021.1943723","article-title":"Declining glaciers endanger sustainable development of the oases along the Aksu-Tarim River (Central Asia)","volume":"29","author":"Bolch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7493","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on hydrological processes in the headwater catchment of the Tarim River basin, China","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2012.237","article-title":"Assessing the hydrological impacts of climate change in the headwater catchment of the Tarim River basin, China","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"770","article-title":"Simulation of Daily Runoff Process in the Mainstream Area of the Tarim River Under Future Climate Scenario","volume":"35","author":"Ban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arid. Zone Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2018.03.011","article-title":"A probabilistic method for streamflow projection and associated uncertainty analysis in a data sparse alpine region","volume":"165","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Planet Chang."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5930-9","article-title":"Scenario-based runoff prediction for the Kaidu River basin of the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China","volume":"75","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Li, L., and Ahmad, S. (2017, January 21\u201325). Streamflow pattern variations resulting from future climate change in middle Tianshan Mountains region in China. Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017, Sacramento, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784480618.044"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-3511-2011","article-title":"Climate change impact on water resource extremes in a headwater region of the Tarim basin in China","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34829-2","article-title":"Contrasting streamflow regimes induced by melting glaciers across the Tien Shan\u2013Pamir\u2013North Karakoram","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Ma, Y., Liu, T., and Luo, M. (2020). Climate change impacts on extreme flows under IPCC RCP scenarios in the mountainous Kaidu watershed, Tarim River basin. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12052090"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-017-3775-x","article-title":"A hybrid model to assess the impact of climate variability on streamflow for an ungauged mountainous basin","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Dynam."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Huang, J. (2019). Analysis of Stream Flow Composition in Glacierized Inland River Basin\u2014Case Study from Aksu River Basin, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8373","article-title":"Projection of glacier runoff in Yarkant River basin and Beida River basin, Western China","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"175","article-title":"Addressing climate information needs at the regional level: The CORDEX framework","volume":"58","author":"Giorgi","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Meteorol. Organ. (WMO) Bull."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-19-2547-2015","article-title":"Comparing bias correction methods in downscaling meteorological variables for a hydrologic impact study in an arid area in China","volume":"19","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7098","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028423","article-title":"How Hydrologic Processes Differ Spatially in a Large Basin: Multisite and Multiobjective Modeling in the Tarim River Basin","volume":"123","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, H., Fang, G., Yang, J., and Chen, Y. (2019). Multi-Objective Calibration of a Distributed Hydrological Model in a Highly Glacierized Watershed in Central Asia. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11030554"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Neitsch, S., Arnold, J., and Kiniry, J. (2002). Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Manual, Grassland Soil Water Research Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(03)00257-9","article-title":"Temperature index melt modelling in mountain areas","volume":"282","author":"Hock","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-009-0324-0","article-title":"Climate changes and their impacts on water resources in the arid regions: A case study of the Tarim River basin, China","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3189\/172756406781812168","article-title":"Glacier retreat as a result of climate warming and increased precipitation in the Tarim river basin, northwest China","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2005.07.010","article-title":"Comparing state-of-the-art evolutionary multi-objective algorithms for long-term groundwater monitoring design","volume":"29","author":"Kollat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-18-4101-2014","article-title":"Multiobjective sensitivity analysis and optimization of distributed hydrologic model MOBIDIC","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-019-1640-z","article-title":"Glacier changes from 1975 to 2016 in the Aksu River Basin, Central Tianshan Mountains","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1232","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1232","article-title":"Snow redistribution for the hydrological modeling of alpine catchments","volume":"4","author":"Freudiger","year":"2017","journal-title":"WIREs Water"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosing the impacts of permafrost on catchment hydrology: Field measurements and model experiments in a mountainous catchment in western China","volume":"2021","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Glacier change of the Yarkant River basin from 1968 to 2009 derived from the First and Second Glacier Inventories of China","volume":"37","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JF002931","article-title":"Global response of glacier runoff to twenty-first century climate change","volume":"119","author":"Bliss","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., and Zhang, Q. (2022). Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrological Regime of the Yarkant River Basin, China: An Assessment Using Three SSP Scenarios of CMIP6 GCMs. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010115"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Liu, Y., Niu, J., Gui, D., and Hu, B.X. (2022). Prediction of the Irrigation Area Carrying Capacity in the Tarim River Basin under Climate Change. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12050657"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104040","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aba926","article-title":"Evaluation and projection of snowfall changes in High Mountain Asia based on NASA\u2019s NEX-GDDP high-resolution daily downscaled dataset","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-022-1098-x","article-title":"Discussion of the \u201cwarming and wetting\u201d trend and its future variation in the drylands of Northwest China under global warming","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06092-7","article-title":"A warming-induced reduction in snow fraction amplifies rainfall extremes","volume":"619","author":"Ombadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-00974-8","article-title":"Atmospheric dynamic constraints on Tibetan Plateau freshwater under Paris climate targets","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03436-z","article-title":"Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century","volume":"592","author":"Hugonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124020","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aca491","article-title":"Effects of cryospheric hydrological processes on future flood inundation and the subsequent socioeconomic exposures in Central Asia","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06045","article-title":"Projected increase in continental runoff due to plant responses to increasing carbon dioxide","volume":"448","author":"Betts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0676-5","article-title":"More green and less blue water in the Alps during warmer summers","volume":"10","author":"Mastrotheodoros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/16\/3922\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:27:51Z","timestamp":1760128071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/16\/3922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15163922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15163922","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]}}}