{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:52:17Z","timestamp":1778169137969,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MultiCam\u2014Low-Cost Multispectral Camera","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-69271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-69271"]}]},{"name":"MultiCam\u2014Low-Cost Multispectral Camera","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s FEDER","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-69271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-69271"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s FEDER","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"\u201cAg\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-69271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-69271"]}]},{"name":"\u201cAg\u00eancia Nacional de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-69271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-69271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work creates a fish species identification tool combining a low-cost, custom-made multispectral camera called MultiCam and a trained classification algorithm for application in the fishing industry. The objective is to assess, non-destructively and using reflectance spectroscopy, the possibility of classifying the spectra of small fish neighborhoods instead of the whole fish for situations where fish are not completely visible, and use the classification to estimate the percentage of each fish species captured. To the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first work to study this possibility. The multispectral imaging device records images from 10 horse mackerel, 10 Atlantic mackerel, and 30 sardines, the three most abundant fish species in Portugal. This results in 48,741 spectra of 5 \u00d7 5 pixel regions for analysis. The recording occurs in twelve wavelength bands from 390 nm to 970 nm. The bands correspond to filters with the peculiarity of being highpass to keep the camera cost low. Using a Teflon tape white reference is also relevant to control the overall cost. The tested machine learning algorithms are k-nearest neighbors, multilayer perceptrons, and support vector machines. In general, the results are better than random guessing. The best classification comes from support vector machines, with a balanced accuracy of 63.8%. The use of Teflon does not seem to be detrimental to this result. It seems possible to obtain an equivalent accuracy with ten cameras instead of twelve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15163952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T10:37:16Z","timestamp":1691577436000},"page":"3952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Classification of Fish Species Using Multispectral Data from a Low-Cost Camera and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Filipe","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INOV\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasco","family":"Bexiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INOV\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INOV\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INOV\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INOV\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8257-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Melo-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Inov4Agro\u2014Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharias, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"XSealence\u2014Sea Technologies, Avenida 25 de Abril, 45, 2745-384 Queluz, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Piedade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INOV\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INOV\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3287-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Sustelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INOV\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-0847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INOV\u2014Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Inova\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2016.06.011","article-title":"Fish Processing in Portugal: An Industry in Expansion","volume":"72","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2014.06.004","article-title":"An Economic Analysis of the Portuguese Fisheries Sector 1960\u20132011","volume":"51","author":"Lappo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayasundara, D., Ramanayake, L., Senarath, N., Herath, S., Godaliyadda, R., Ekanayake, P., Herath, V., and Ariyawansha, S. (2020, January 26). Multispectral Imaging for Automated Fish Quality Grading. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 15th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), Rupnagar, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIIS51140.2020.9342726"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Menesatti, P., Costa, C., and Aguzzi, J. (2010). Hyperspectral Imaging for Food Quality Analysis and Control, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2014.03.006","article-title":"Hyperspectral Imaging as an Effective Tool for Quality Analysis and Control of Fish and Other Seafoods: Current Research and Potential Applications","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95713-0","article-title":"Hyperspectral Data as a Biodiversity Screening Tool Can Differentiate among Diverse Neotropical Fishes","volume":"11","author":"Kolmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2015.05.013","article-title":"Brix, PH and Anthocyanin Content Determination in Whole Port Wine Grape Berries by Hyperspectral Imaging and Neural Networks","volume":"115","author":"Fernandes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Gewali, U.B., Monteiro, S.T., and Saber, E. (2018). Machine Learning Based Hyperspectral Image Analysis: A Survey. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/0967033520935999","article-title":"Classification of Fish Species from Different Ecosystems Using the near Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectra of Otoliths","volume":"28","author":"Benson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134043","article-title":"Rapid Identification of Fish Species by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Machine Learning Methods","volume":"400","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.12.022","article-title":"Survey into the Seafood Consumption Preferences and Patterns in the Portuguese Population. Gender and Regional Variability","volume":"64","author":"Cardoso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2015.07.012","article-title":"The Seafood Market in Portugal: Driving Forces and Consequences","volume":"61","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2023, July 28). MONICAP. Available online: https:\/\/www.xsealence.pt\/en\/equipamentos\/monicap\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2023, July 28). XSealence. Available online: https:\/\/www.xsealence.pt\/."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/16\/3952\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:29:56Z","timestamp":1760128196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/16\/3952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15163952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15163952","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]}}}