{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T23:07:05Z","timestamp":1769641625329,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Study on the Prediction Technology and Countermeasures of Compound High Temperature and Drought in Ningxia","award":["YDZX2023019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZX2023019"]}]},{"name":"Study on the Prediction Technology and Countermeasures of Compound High Temperature and Drought in Ningxia","award":["2018GNC110025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018GNC110025"]}]},{"name":"Study on the Prediction Technology and Countermeasures of Compound High Temperature and Drought in Ningxia","award":["ZR2020QE281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020QE281"]}]},{"name":"Study on the Prediction Technology and Countermeasures of Compound High Temperature and Drought in Ningxia","award":["TSXZ201712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSXZ201712"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YDZX2023019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZX2023019"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018GNC110025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018GNC110025"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR2020QE281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020QE281"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["TSXZ201712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSXZ201712"]}]},{"name":"Taishan Scholar","award":["YDZX2023019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZX2023019"]}]},{"name":"Taishan Scholar","award":["2018GNC110025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018GNC110025"]}]},{"name":"Taishan Scholar","award":["ZR2020QE281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020QE281"]}]},{"name":"Taishan Scholar","award":["TSXZ201712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSXZ201712"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding variations in the temporal and spatial distribution of vegetation phenology is essential for adapting to and mitigating future climate change and urbanization. However, there have been limited vegetation phenology studies within small-scale areas such as urban environments over the past decades. Therefore, the present study focuses on Jinan city, Shandong Province, China as the study area and employs a more refined local climate zone (LCZ) approach to investigate spatial and temporal variations in vegetation phenology. The three phenological indicators used in this study from 2007 to 2018, namely, the start of growing season (SOS), the end of growing season (EOS), and the length of growing season (LOS), were provided by MODIS satellite data. The SOS, EOS, and LOS were superimposed on the LCZ and urban\u2013rural gradient to analyze the changes in vegetation phenology, and the applicability of these two analysis methods in the study of urban vegetation phenology was compared by the honest significant difference test. We found that the SOS, EOS, and LOS of vegetation in the study area generally showed an advance, delay, and extension trend, respectively. The means of the SOS and EOS along different LCZ types varied noticeably more than those along urban\u2013rural gradients. In 2016, 77.5%, 80.0%, and 75.8% of LCZ pairs indicated statistically significant differences for SOS, EOS, and LOS, respectively. This study provides a new perspective for the study of urban vegetation phenology which can help in management of urban-scale environments, identification of areas rich in biodiversity, and conservation and restoration of biodiversity in urban areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15163957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T10:24:47Z","timestamp":1691663087000},"page":"3957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Study on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Urban Vegetation Phenology by Local Climate Zone and Urban\u2013Rural Gradient Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Information and Digital Earth Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Information and Digital Earth Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2894-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Information and Digital Earth Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5972-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shichao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Information and Digital Earth Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Information and Digital Earth Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Information and Digital Earth Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}]},{"given":"Sha","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Information and Digital Earth Center, College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarvia, F., De Petris, S., and Borgogno Mondino, E. (2021). Exploring Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Phenology by MOD13Q1 Data: The Piemonte Region Case Study in the Period 2001\u20132019. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11030555"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01331-7","article-title":"Understanding urban plant phenology for sustainable cities and planet","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.03.006","article-title":"Growing Season Changes in the Last Century","volume":"137","author":"Linderholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.00974.x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation of phenological growing season and climate change impacts in temperate eastern China","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1890\/070217","article-title":"Tracking the rhythm of the seasons in the face of global change: Phenological research in the 21st century","volume":"7","author":"Morisette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11914","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70911914","article-title":"Variability and Climate Change Trend in Vegetation Phenology of Recent Decades in the Greater Khingan Mountain Area, Northeastern China","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2017.01.010","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation phenology change and relationships with climate in the two transects of East China","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Q., He, C., Huang, Q., and Zhou, Y. (2018). Urbanization Impacts on Vegetation Phenology in China. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10121905"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13562","article-title":"Response of vegetation phenology to urbanization in the conterminous United States","volume":"23","author":"Xuecao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.107765","article-title":"Phenology acts as a primary control of urban vegetation cooling and warming: A synthetic analysis of global site observations","volume":"280","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Response Patterns of Vegetation Phenology along Urban-Rural Gradients in Urban Areas of Different Sizes","volume":"2020","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Jin, J., Zhan, W., Guo, F., and Yan, T. (2021). Quantification of Urban Heat Island-Induced Contribution to Advance in Spring Phenology: A Case Study in Hangzhou, China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183684"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126764","article-title":"The impacts of urbanization and climate change on urban vegetation dynamics in China","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2017.10.001","article-title":"Mapping the local climate zones of urban areas by GIS-based and WUDAPT methods: A case study of Hong Kong","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00019.1","article-title":"Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies","volume":"93","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.010","article-title":"Remotely sensed assessment of urbanization effects on vegetation phenology in China\u2019s 32 major cities","volume":"176","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150079","article-title":"The divergent response of vegetation phenology to urbanization: A case study of Beijing city, China","volume":"803","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, T., Song, C., and Li, J. (2017). Impacts of Urbanization on Vegetation Phenology over the Past Three Decades in Shanghai, China. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090970"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parece, T., and Campbell, J. (2018). Intra-Urban Microclimate Effects on Phenology. Urban Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci2010026"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Sun, H., Xiong, J., He, D., Cheng, W., Ye, C., Yong, Z., and Huang, X. (2021). Dynamics and Drivers of Vegetation Phenology in Three-River Headwaters Region Based on the Google Earth Engine. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132528"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02305","article-title":"geemap: A Python package for interactive mapping with Google Earth Engine","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161649","article-title":"A stronger advance of urban spring vegetation phenology narrows vegetation productivity difference between urban settings and natural environments","volume":"868","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, F., Liu, H., Xu, X., Gong, H., and Lin, Z. (2020). Trend Evolution of Vegetation Phenology in China during the Period of 1981\u20132016. Remote Sensing, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030572"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Qi, J., Leng, S., and Wang, Q. (2022). Long-Term Vegetation Phenology Changes and Responses to Preseason Temperature and Precipitation in Northern China. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061396"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Zou, Y., He, J., Zhang, W., Gao, L., and Zhuang, D. (2022). Response of Vegetation Phenology to the Interaction of Temperature and Precipitation Changes in Qilian Mountains. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051248"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.108146","article-title":"Attribution of climate and human activities to vegetation change in China using machine learning techniques","volume":"294","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.03.883","article-title":"Local climate zone mapping for energy resilience: A fine-grained and 3D approach","volume":"105","author":"Quan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.04.011","article-title":"Inter-\/intra-zonal seasonal variability of the surface urban heat island based on local climate zones in three central European cities","volume":"156","author":"Lehnert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Qi, Z., Li, X., and Yeh, A.G.-O. (2019). Integration of convolutional neural networks and object-based post-classification refinement for land use and land cover mapping with optical and SAR data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060690"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.2995711","article-title":"Multilevel feature fusion-based CNN for local climate zone classification from sentinel-2 images: Benchmark results on the So2Sat LCZ42 dataset","volume":"13","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2539977","article-title":"Contributing to WUDAPT: A Local Climate Zone Classification of Two Cities in Ukraine","volume":"9","author":"Danylo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2531420","article-title":"Classification of Local Climate Zones Using SAR and Multispectral Data in an Arid Environment","volume":"9","author":"Bechtel","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demuzere, M., Bechtel, B., Middel, A., and Mills, G. (2019). Mapping Europe into local climate zones. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214474"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2017.05.010","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between local climate zone and land surface temperature using an improved WUDAPT methodology\u2014A case study of Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"24","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55444-9","article-title":"Assessment of local climate zone classification maps of cities in China and feasible refinements","volume":"9","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14317","article-title":"Vegetation growth enhancement in urban environments of the Conterminous United States","volume":"24","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15602","article-title":"Urbanization imprint on land surface phenology: The urban\u2013rural gradient analysis for Chinese cities","volume":"27","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Feng, l., Song, G., Zhu, L., Xiuqin, F., and Yanan, Z. (2017, January 23\u201328). Urban vegetation phenology analysis and the response to the temperature change. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cancan, Y., Deng, K., Peng, D., Jiang, L., Mingwei, Z., Liu, J., and Qiu, X. (2022). Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Heterogeneity of Vegetation Phenology in the Yangtze River Delta. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14132984"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Friedl, M., Schaaf, C., Strahler, A., and Schneider, A. (2004). The footprint of urban climates on vegetation phenology. Geophys. Res. Lett, 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020137"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s41748-020-00166-6","article-title":"Analysis of Urban Expansion and its Impacts on Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Using RS and GIS, A Case Study in Xi\u2019an City, China","volume":"4","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Sun, M., Liu, Y., Ren, P., Peng, C., Zhou, X., and Tang, J. (2021). Response of Vegetation Photosynthetic Phenology to Urbanization in Dongting Lake Basin, China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183722"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, J., Kong, X., Wang, Y., and Chen, R. (2016, January 10\u201315). A study of vegetation phenology in the analysis of urbanization process based on time-series MODIS data. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7729730"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054020","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/5\/054020","article-title":"Interactions between urban vegetation and surface urban heat islands: A case study in the Boston metropolitan region","volume":"11","author":"Melaas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2021-539-2021","article-title":"Urban Heat Island Footprint Effects on Bio-Productive Rural Land Covers Surrounding a Low Density Urban Center","volume":"43","author":"Burnett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Yang, J., Qiao, Z., Wang, Y., Miao, S., Nichol, J., and Wang, Q. (2021). Urban Thermal Characteristics of Local Climate Zones and Their Mitigation Measures across Cities in Different Climate Zones of China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081468"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2021-391-2021","article-title":"Evaluation of the seasonal nighttime LST-air temperature discrepancies and their relation to local climate zones (LCZ) in strasbourg","volume":"XLIII-B3-2021","author":"Landes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2926502","article-title":"Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal Variations of Land Surface Temperature Based on Local Climate Zones: A Case Study in Nanjing, China","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-019-01796-w","article-title":"Using big data to predict pertussis infections in Jinan city, China: A time series analysis","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2015.04.004","article-title":"GIS based land suitability assessment for tobacco production using AHP and fuzzy set in Shandong province of China","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-020-02048-y","article-title":"Non-linear relationships and interactions of meteorological factors on mumps in Jinan, China","volume":"65","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Hu, B., and Zhang, B. (2022, January 15\u201318). Evolution of urban built-up areas and its impact on urban vegetation of Jinan City, Eastern China. Proceedings of the 2022 29th International Conference on Geoinformatics, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/Geoinformatics57846.2022.9963874"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.005","article-title":"Land surface phenology from MODIS: Characterization of the Collection 5 Global Land Cover Dynamics Product","volume":"114","author":"Ganguly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Friedl, M., and Schaaf, C. (2006). Global vegetation phenology from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): Evaluation of global patterns and comparison with in situ measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JG000217"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2022.2033485","article-title":"Use of local climate zones to assess the spatiotemporal variations of urban vegetation phenology in Austin, Texas, USA","volume":"59","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.22271\/maths.2021.v6.i1a.636","article-title":"Multiple comparison test by Tukey\u2019s honestly significant difference (HSD): Do the confident level control type I error","volume":"6","author":"Nanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Stat. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1860","article-title":"Urban heat island studies based on local climate zones: A systematic overview","volume":"75","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.09.012","article-title":"Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system","volume":"169","author":"Richardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2253","article-title":"Net carbon uptake has increased through warming-induced changes in temperate forest phenology","volume":"4","author":"Keenan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126784","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation phenology along the urban\u2013rural gradient in Coastal Dalian, China","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186473","article-title":"Phenology under global warming","volume":"327","author":"Basler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108673","article-title":"Temporal resolution of vegetation indices and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence data affects the accuracy of vegetation phenology estimation: A study using in-situ measurements","volume":"136","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0931-1","article-title":"Urban-rural gradients reveal joint control of elevated CO2 and temperature on extended photosynthetic seasons","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-881-2019","article-title":"A dataset of 30 m annual vegetation phenology indicators (1985\u20132015) in urban areas of the conterminous United States","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.03.017","article-title":"NASA\u2019s Black Marble nighttime lights product suite","volume":"210","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.05.034","article-title":"Developing a 1 km resolution daily air temperature dataset for urban and surrounding areas in the conterminous United States","volume":"215","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/16\/3957\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:30:13Z","timestamp":1760128213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/16\/3957"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15163957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15163957","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]}}}