{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:31:55Z","timestamp":1772083915481,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"K.C. Wong Education Foundation","award":["GJTD-2020-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJTD-2020-14"]}]},{"name":"K.C. Wong Education Foundation","award":["42071245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071245"]}]},{"name":"K.C. Wong Education Foundation","award":["2021XJKK1044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021XJKK1044"]}]},{"name":"K.C. Wong Education Foundation","award":["131551KYSB20210030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131551KYSB20210030"]}]},{"name":"K.C. Wong Education Foundation","award":["131965KYSB20200029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131965KYSB20200029"]}]},{"name":"K.C. Wong Education Foundation","award":["Y934031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y934031"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GJTD-2020-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJTD-2020-14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021XJKK1044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021XJKK1044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["131551KYSB20210030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131551KYSB20210030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["131965KYSB20200029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131965KYSB20200029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y934031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y934031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["GJTD-2020-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJTD-2020-14"]}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["42071245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071245"]}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["2021XJKK1044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021XJKK1044"]}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["131551KYSB20210030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131551KYSB20210030"]}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["131965KYSB20200029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131965KYSB20200029"]}]},{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["Y934031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y934031"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of International Cooperation, Bureau of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["GJTD-2020-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJTD-2020-14"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of International Cooperation, Bureau of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42071245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071245"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of International Cooperation, Bureau of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2021XJKK1044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021XJKK1044"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of International Cooperation, Bureau of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["131551KYSB20210030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131551KYSB20210030"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of International Cooperation, Bureau of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["131965KYSB20200029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131965KYSB20200029"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of International Cooperation, Bureau of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["Y934031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y934031"]}]},{"name":"CAS International Partner Project","award":["GJTD-2020-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJTD-2020-14"]}]},{"name":"CAS International Partner Project","award":["42071245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071245"]}]},{"name":"CAS International Partner Project","award":["2021XJKK1044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021XJKK1044"]}]},{"name":"CAS International Partner Project","award":["131551KYSB20210030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131551KYSB20210030"]}]},{"name":"CAS International Partner Project","award":["131965KYSB20200029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131965KYSB20200029"]}]},{"name":"CAS International Partner Project","award":["Y934031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y934031"]}]},{"name":"CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia","award":["GJTD-2020-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJTD-2020-14"]}]},{"name":"CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia","award":["42071245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071245"]}]},{"name":"CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia","award":["2021XJKK1044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021XJKK1044"]}]},{"name":"CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia","award":["131551KYSB20210030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131551KYSB20210030"]}]},{"name":"CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia","award":["131965KYSB20200029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131965KYSB20200029"]}]},{"name":"CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia","award":["Y934031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y934031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Groundwater is a precious natural resource that is vital to various aspects of life. Punjab is experiencing groundwater stress due to urbanization and population growth, leading to overuse and reduced aquifer recharge. Sustainable groundwater supplies can only be created through better management and artificial recharge techniques. This study uses multi-influencing factor, literature-based, and combined techniques to identify and characterize groundwater-managed aquifer recharge potential sites (GWMARPSs) in Punjab. There are limitations to the previous work in this field, and these factors have not been used to estimate GWRPSs in the study area. The study uses GIS and RS techniques to overlay twelve geo-informative layers, with rainfall being the most significant factor. High-quality data and observations from the field are incorporated into the model. The study classifies the GWMARPSs into five categories, with Punjab having 0.34%, 13.29%, 60.68%, 25.26%, and 0.43% of the least, poorly, moderately, well-, and highly suitable sites. Punjab\u2019s southern regions are least suitable for recharge, while some areas in eastern and northern Punjab are well-suited for recharge. Alluvial plains, valleys, low-lying areas, and areas with volcanic landforms are classified as least to poorly suitable zones. Model predictions are validated using piezometric level data and ROC and exhibit good performance (AUC, 0.74). This study could serve as a baseline for future groundwater research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15163988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T10:33:23Z","timestamp":1691750003000},"page":"3988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Geospatial Assessment of Managed Aquifer Recharge Potential Sites in Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Afzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, CAS-HEC, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6879-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, CAS-HEC, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Asim Qayyum","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Adeel Ahmed","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Sikandar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2364-2965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Raghunath, H.M. (1987). Ground Water: Hydrogeology, Ground Water Survey and Pumping Tests, Rural Water Supply and Irrigation Systems, New Age International."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Foster, S. (1998). Water\u2014The Key to Socio-economic Development and Quality of Life, Proceedings of the 8th Stockholm Water Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden, 10\u201313 August 1998, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.09.052","article-title":"Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in soils and groundwater of a US metropolitan area: Migration and implications for human exposure","volume":"72","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ahmed, U., Sarwar, A., Khalil, F.A., Gulzar, S., Qayum, N., and Qureshi, R. (2022). GIScience for the Sustainable Management of Water Resources, Apple Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Bank (2023, July 25). Managing Groundwater Resources in Pakistan\u2019s Indus Basin. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2021\/03\/25\/managing-groundwater-resources-in-pakistan-indus-basin."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"PBS (2023, April 13). Home|Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Wazir, M.A., and Goujon, A. (2019). Assessing the 2017 Census of Pakistan using Demographic Analysis: A Sub-National Perspective, Vienna Institute of Demography. Vienna Institute of Demography Working Papers."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Watto, M.A. (2015). The Economics of Groundwater Irrigation in the Indus Basin, Pakistan: Tube-Well Adoption, Technical and Irrigation Water Efficiency and Optimal Allocation. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Western Australia]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-022-04162-3","article-title":"Quantification of temporal variations in groundwater level using satellite imagery technique: A case study of Rachna Doab, Pakistan","volume":"20","author":"Nadeem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Salma, S., Rehman, S., and Shah, M.A. (2012). Rainfall trends in different climate zones of Pakistan. Pak. J. Meteorol., 9."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawaz, Z., Li, X., Chen, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, X., and Nawaz, N. (2019). Temporal and spatial characteristics of precipitation and tem-perature in Punjab, Pakistan. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11091916"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4139-7","article-title":"Estimation of distributed seasonal net recharge by modern satellite data in irrigated agricultural regions of Pakistan","volume":"74","author":"Usman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"85","article-title":"Ground water potential evaluation based on integrated GIS and remote sensing techniques, in bilate River Catchment: South Rift Valley of Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Gintamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Sci. Res. J. Eng. Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-004-1172-3","article-title":"Geologic controls of submarine groundwater discharge: Application of remote sensing to north Lebanon","volume":"47","author":"Shaban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, July 25). The Hydrogeology of Adama-Wonji Basin and Assessment of Groundwater Level Changes in Wonji Wetland, Main Ethiopian Rift: Results from 2D Tomography and Electrical Sounding Methods|SpringerLink. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12665-010-0619-y."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2023, July 25). Geology Map of Punjab Pakistan\u2014Google Search. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com.hk\/search?q=geology+map+of+punjab+pakistan&newwindow=1&client=firefox-b-d&sxsrf=AB5stBg9emeY1GTZOGQBOddz_DtC1XQLtw%3A1690281166064&ei=zqS_ZPrJA_Hk0PEPwsW0yAY&oq=geologymap++on+punjab+pakistan&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiHmdlb2xvZ3ltYXAgIG9uIHB1bmphYiBwYWtpc3RhbioCCAAyBxAjGLACGCdI6hxQ4wtYnBBwAHgDkAEBmAGIBqABgRKqAQkzLTEuMC4yLjG4AQPIAQD4AQHCAgQQABhH4gMEGAAgQYgGAZAGBg&sclient=gws-wiz-serp."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4236\/ojg.2022.121002","article-title":"Lithostratigraphy, Structure, Geological History, Economic Geology and Paleontology of Mari Bugti Hills and Surrounding Areas of Balochistan, South Punjab and North Sindh (Pakistan)","volume":"12","author":"Malkani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open J. Geol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8281201","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8281201","article-title":"Climate Change Indicators and Spatiotemporal Shift in Monsoon Patterns in Pakistan","volume":"2019","author":"Safdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masoud, A.M., Pham, Q.B., Alezabawy, A.K., and El-Magd, S.A.A. (2022). Efficiency of geospatial technology and multi-criteria decision analysis for groundwater potential mapping in a Semi-Arid region. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14060882"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Qureshi, A.S., Shah, T., and Akhtar, M. (2003). The Groundwater Economy of Pakistan, International Water Management Institute."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"687","article-title":"Improving food security and livelihood resilience through groundwater management in Pakistan","volume":"4","author":"Qureshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Adv. Res. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/02508060.2013.828671","article-title":"Energy use in large-scale irrigated agriculture in the Punjab province of Pakistan","volume":"38","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Int."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, April 13). The Punjab Water Act, Available online: http:\/\/punjablaws.gov.pk\/laws\/2743.html."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"107","article-title":"Sustainable groundwater management in Pakistan: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"59","author":"Qureshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Irrig. Drain. J. Int. Comm. Irrig. Drain."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-006-0066-8","article-title":"Development of a conjunctive use model to evaluate alternative management options for surface and groundwater resources","volume":"14","author":"Sarwar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2113\/gseegeosci.14.4.315","article-title":"Remote sensing and GIS approach for water-well site selection, southwest Iran","volume":"14","author":"Rangzan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Thangarajan, M. (2007). Groundwater: Resource Evaluation, Augmentation, Contamination, Restoration, Modeling and Management, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Bennett, G.D. (1967). Analysis of Aquifer Tests in the Punjab Region of West Pakistan."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-1063-2012","article-title":"The Indus basin in the framework of current and future water resources man-agement","volume":"16","author":"ALaghari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Schmid, W., Punthakey, J., Hodgson, G., Kirby, M., Ahmad, M., Podger, G.M., Stewart, J., Basharat, M., Khero, Z., and Bodla, H.U. (2017). Development of a Regional Groundwater Model for the Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2019.12.013","article-title":"Mapping favorable groundwater potential recharge zones using a GIS-based analytical hierarchical process and probability frequency ratio model: A case study from an agro-urban region of Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"Arshad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-009-0110-9","article-title":"Delineation of groundwater recharge zones and identification of artificial recharge sites in West Medinipur district, West Bengal, using RS, GIS and MCDM techniques","volume":"59","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, F., Azmat, M., Zarin, R., Ahmad, S., Raziq, A., Young, H.-W.V., Nguyen, K.-A., and Liou, Y.-A. (2022). Identification of potential natural aquifer recharge sites in Islamabad, Pakistan, by integrating GIS and RS techniques. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14236051"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2019.100610","article-title":"Groundwater potential assessment using GIS and remote sensing: A case study of Guna tana landscape, upper blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia","volume":"24","author":"Andualem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabeto, J., Adeba, D., Regasa, M.S., and Leta, M.K. (2022). Groundwater Potential Assessment Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques: Case Study of West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14121838"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2016.11.002","article-title":"Assessing groundwater accessibility in the Kharga Basin, Egypt: A remote sensing approach","volume":"136","author":"Parks","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Afr. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2018.05.018","article-title":"Potential groundwater recharge zones within New Zealand","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"16","article-title":"Delineation of Ground Water Recharge Potential Zones in Lahore District, Punjab, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques","volume":"13","author":"Raza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Econ. Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maqsoom, A., Aslam, B., Khalid, N., Ullah, F., Anysz, H., Almaliki, A.H., Almaliki, A.A., and Hussein, E.E. (2022). Delineating groundwater recharge potential through remote sensing and geographical information systems. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14111824"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Costa, A.M., de Salis, H.H.C., Viana, J.H.M., and Pacheco, F.A.L. (2019). Groundwater recharge potential for sustainable water use in urban areas of the Jequitiba River Basin, Brazil. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11102955"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/02508061003664419","article-title":"Integrating GIS and remote sensing for identification of groundwater potential zones in the hilly terrain of Pavagarh, Gujarat, India","volume":"35","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2015.03.002","article-title":"An approach to delineate groundwater recharge potential sites in Ambalantota, Sri Lanka using GIS techniques","volume":"7","author":"Senanayake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2018.05.005","article-title":"Delineation of groundwater potential (GWP) in the northern United Arab Emirates and Oman using geospatial technologies in conjunction with Simple Additive Weight (SAW), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Probabilistic Frequency Ratio (PFR) techniques","volume":"157","author":"Abrams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-013-0127-9","article-title":"Delineation of groundwater potential zones in the crystalline basement terrain of SW-Nigeria: An integrated GIS and remote sensing approach","volume":"4","author":"Fashae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114691","article-title":"Evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation water supply using multi-criteria decision-making techniques and GIS in an agroeconomic tract of Lower Ganga basin, India","volume":"309","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pant, S., Kumar, A., Ram, M., Klochkov, Y., and Sharma, H.K. (2022). Consistency indices in analytic hierarchy process: A review. Mathematics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/math10081206"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215018","article-title":"Integrated remote sensing and GIS for groundwater exploration and identification of artificial recharge sites","volume":"19","author":"Saraf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2022.2069052","article-title":"Assessment of groundwater potential using multi-criteria decision analysis and geoelectrical surveying","volume":"25","author":"Shabani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waseem, M., Jaffry, A.H., Azam, M., Ahmad, I., Abbas, A., and Lee, J.-E. (2022). Spatiotemporal analysis of drought and agriculture standardized residual yield series nexuses across Punjab, Pakistan. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14030496"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53718","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19315-7","article-title":"The role of climate change in food security; empirical evidence over Punjab regions, Pakistan","volume":"29","author":"Abbas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2023, July 25). Geological Map of Pakistan. (East and West Pakistan). ESDAC\u2014European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/content\/geological-map-pakistan-east-and-west-pakistan."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1007\/s11631-022-00559-6","article-title":"Groundwater recharge site suitability analysis through multi-influencing factors (MIF) in West Bengal dry-land areas, West Bengal, India","volume":"41","author":"Bera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geochim."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.serj.2015.09.005","article-title":"Mapping groundwater recharge potential zone using a GIS approach in Hualian River, Taiwan","volume":"26","author":"Yeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-021-01535-5","article-title":"Comparison of multi-influence factor, weight of evidence and frequency ratio techniques to evaluate groundwater potential zones of basaltic aquifer systems","volume":"24","author":"Rane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tziritis, E., Sachsamanoglou, E., and Aschonitis, V. (2023). Assessing Groundwater Evolution with a Combined Approach of Hy-drogeochemical Modelling and Data Analysis: Application to the Rhodope Coastal Aquifer (NE Greece). Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15020230"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"83","article-title":"Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process","volume":"1","author":"Saaty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Serv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"213","article-title":"Identification of potential groundwater recharge zones using remote sensing and geographical information system in Amaravathy basin","volume":"6","author":"Raviraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens. GIS"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"A geospatial approach for delineation of groundwater potential zones in a part of national capital region, India","volume":"5","author":"Sheikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.11.161","article-title":"Delineation of groundwater potential zone for sustainable development: A case study from Ganga Alluvial Plain covering Hooghly district of India using remote sensing, geographic information system and analytic hierarchy process","volume":"172","author":"Patra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107685","article-title":"Geospatial mapping of groundwater potential zones using multi-criteria decision-making AHP approach in a hardrock basaltic terrain in India","volume":"127","author":"Doke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S., Chen, Y., Azmat, M., Kayumba, P.M., Ahmed, Z., Mind\u2019je, R., Ghaffar, A., Qin, J., and Tariq, A. (2022). Long-Term Performance Evaluation of the Latest Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) over the Highlands of Indo-Pak (1981\u20132009). Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194773"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3284-3","article-title":"Rainfall trends in the South Asian summer monsoon and its related large-scale dy-namics with focus over Pakistan","volume":"48","author":"Latif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"100346","article-title":"An integrated lineament extraction from satellite imagery and gravity anomaly maps for groundwater exploration in the Gongola Basin","volume":"20","author":"Epuh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3923\/rjes.2009.367.375","article-title":"Investigation of lineaments related to ground water occurrence in a karstic area; a case study in Lar catchment, Iran","volume":"3","author":"Kazemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-2665-2011","article-title":"Derivation of groundwater flow-paths based on semi-automatic extraction of lineaments from remote sensing data","volume":"15","author":"Mallast","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydres.2021.04.001","article-title":"Identification of suitable sites and structures for artificial groundwater recharge for sustainable water resources management in Vamanapuram River Basin, South India","volume":"4","author":"Aju","year":"2021","journal-title":"HydroResearch"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5060","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068888","article-title":"Groundwater recharge mechanisms inferred from isoscapes in a complex tropical mountainous region","volume":"43","author":"Birkel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-013-1161-5","article-title":"Groundwater spring potential mapping using bivariate statistical model and GIS in the Taleghan watershed, Iran","volume":"8","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-014-0145-7","article-title":"Groundwater qanat potential mapping using frequency ratio and Shannon\u2019s entropy models in the Moghan watershed, Iran","volume":"8","author":"Naghibi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Inform."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-013-1089-6","article-title":"GIS-based groundwater spring potential assessment and mapping in the Birjand Township, southern Khorasan Province, Iran","volume":"22","author":"Pourtaghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"167","article-title":"Delineation of groundwater potential zones using remote sensing and GIS-based data-driven models","volume":"32","author":"Nejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-015-0270-6","article-title":"Delineation of groundwater potential zones in the Comoro watershed, Timor Leste using GIS, RS and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique","volume":"7","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/16\/3988\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:31:20Z","timestamp":1760128280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/16\/3988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15163988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15163988","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]}}}