{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:40:09Z","timestamp":1765233609644,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"initiative INPS, \u201cDottorati innovativi: Intersettoriali, vertenti sulle tematiche dell\u2019iniziativa Industria 4.0\u2014Ciclo XXXVI\u201d\u2014project: \u201cGEOINFER probabilistic inversion of EM data with explicit prior\u201d","award":["CUP: F72F20000250007","id. 20190869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP: F72F20000250007","id. 20190869"]}]},{"name":"C. M. Lerici Foundation","award":["CUP: F72F20000250007","id. 20190869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP: F72F20000250007","id. 20190869"]}]},{"name":"Crafoord Foundation via the project \u201cAlternative geophysical methods for monitoring pollution transport at sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents.\u201d","award":["CUP: F72F20000250007","id. 20190869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP: F72F20000250007","id. 20190869"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Fund Denmark","award":["CUP: F72F20000250007","id. 20190869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP: F72F20000250007","id. 20190869"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frequency-domain electromagnetic induction (EMI) methods are commonly used to map vast areas quickly and with minimum logistical efforts. Unfortunately, they are often characterized by a very limited number of frequencies and severe ill-posedness. On the other hand, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) approaches are usually considered more reliable; for example, they do not require specific calibration procedures and can be easily inverted in 2D\/3D. However, ERT surveys are, by far, more demanding and time consuming, allowing for the deployment of a few acquisition lines per day. Ideally, the optimal would be to have the advantages of both approaches: ease of acquisition while keeping robustness and reliability. The present work raises from the necessity to cope with this issue and from the importance of enforcing realistic constraints to the data inversion without being limited to (over)simplistic spatial constraints (for example, characterizing the smooth and\/or sharp regularization). Accordingly, the present research demonstrates, by means of synthetic and field data, how the EMI inversion\u2014based on realistic prior models\u2014can be further enhanced by incorporating additional pre-existing pieces of information. While the proposed scheme is quite general, in the specific examples discussed here, these additional pieces of information are, respectively, a reference model along a line across the survey area, and an ERT section. The field EMI results were verified against extensive ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements and boreholes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15163993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T10:33:23Z","timestamp":1691750003000},"page":"3993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spreading of Localized Information across an Entire 3D Electrical Resistivity Volume via Constrained EMI Inversion Based on a Realistic Prior Distribution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Zaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Geology Division, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8161-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Vacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3437-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Vignoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy"},{"name":"Near Surface Land and Marine Geology Department, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2008.06.001","article-title":"CR1Dinv: A Matlab program to invert 1D spectral induced polarization data for the Cole\u2013Cole model including electromagnetic effects","volume":"35","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. 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