{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:24:57Z","timestamp":1760149497761,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER Andaluc\u00eda R+D+i Project","award":["1380520","PID2021-123506OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1380520","PID2021-123506OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n Project","award":["1380520","PID2021-123506OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1380520","PID2021-123506OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"University of Jaen\u2019s own funds","award":["1380520","PID2021-123506OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1380520","PID2021-123506OB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many studies have illustrated the great benefit of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in civil engineering. However, in some cases, this geophysical survey method does not produce the desired results due to the electromagnetic characteristics of the subsoil. This study presents the results obtained in two locations near Linares (southern Spain), evaluating the detection of structures buried in conductive host materials (0.02 S\/m in site 1 and 0.015 S\/m in site 2) characterized by strong signal attenuation. Accounting for the study depth, which was 1.5 m, a 500 MHz shielded GPR antenna was used at both sites. At the first site, a controlled experiment was planned, and it consisted of burying three linear elements. An iron pipe, a PVC pipe, and a series of precast blocks were buried at a depth of 0.5 m in a subsoil composed of highly conductive clayey facies. To eliminate additional multiples caused by other superficial structures and increasing the high-frequency content, the predictive deconvolution flow was applied. In the 3D processing, the cover surfaces technique was used. Once the acquired GPR signals was analyzed and the optimal processing flow established, a second site in which different infrastructures in a conductive host medium formed by marly facies was explored. The 2D flow and 3D processing applied in this work allows to detect and see the continuity of some structures not visible for the default processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15164019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:40:31Z","timestamp":1692009631000},"page":"4019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Processing GPR Surveys in Civil Engineering to Locate Buried Structures in Highly Conductive Subsoils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3360-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosendo","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Mining Engineering Department and CEACTEMA, Higher Polytechnic School of Linares, Technological Scientific Campus, University of Jaen, 23700 Linares, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7682-2711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Araque-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Institute of Geophysics, Campus de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department and CEACTEMA, Higher Polytechnic School of Linares, Technological Scientific Campus, University of Jaen, 23700 Linares, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9129-2368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department and CEACTEMA, Higher Polytechnic School of Linares, Technological Scientific Campus, University of Jaen, 23700 Linares, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0982-786X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari Carmen","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Department and CEACTEMA, Higher Polytechnic School of Linares, Technological Scientific Campus, University of Jaen, 23700 Linares, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., and Sheriff, R.E. 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