{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:54:15Z","timestamp":1762876455800,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC3000902","2020A1515110040","21YF1456800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000902","2020A1515110040","21YF1456800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2021YFC3000902","2020A1515110040","21YF1456800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000902","2020A1515110040","21YF1456800"]}]},{"name":"the Shanghai Sailing Program","award":["2021YFC3000902","2020A1515110040","21YF1456800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000902","2020A1515110040","21YF1456800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on the Final Operational Global Analysis (FNL) data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the all-sky brightness temperatures of the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) onboard the Fengyun-4A satellite (FY-4A) are simulated, which are then used to investigate Typhoon In-Fa (2021). The results show that the all-sky simulations based on ERA5 and FNL for FY-4A GIIRS channels 27 (716.25 cm\u22121), 90 (755.625 cm\u22121), and 417 (960 cm\u22121) can reproduce well the structure and intensity of Typhoon In-Fa. But the FNL simulations overestimate the typhoon intensity with more high ice clouds around the typhoon center. Fourier analysis of Typhoon In-Fa at severe tropical storm (STS) and typhoon (TY) stages is conducted. The results reveal that the dominant features of Typhoon In-Fa are primarily large-scale, with a relatively small proportion of observations and simulations dedicated to small-scale features at the STS stage. However, the proportion of large-scale features decreases while the amount of small-scale information increases during the TY stage. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of FY-4A GIIRS all-sky simulations based on the ERA5 and FNL data, as well as to prepare for future all-sky data assimilations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15164035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T11:09:44Z","timestamp":1692097784000},"page":"4035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Scale Analysis of Typhoon In-Fa (2021) Based on FY-4A Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) Observed and All-Sky-Simulated Brightness Temperature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zeyi","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Tropical Cyclone of the China Meteorological Administration, Shanghai Typhoon Institute, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, CMA, Guangzhou 510640, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1197-0841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashant","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Group, Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad 380015, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3654","article-title":"Assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction. 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