{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T21:56:19Z","timestamp":1780091779823,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021YFC3000602-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000602-05"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["LY2220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY2220"]}]},{"name":"Earthquake Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Earthquake Agency","award":["2021YFC3000602-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000602-05"]}]},{"name":"Earthquake Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Earthquake Agency","award":["LY2220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY2220"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taking the Luding Ms6.8 earthquake (EQ) on 5 September 2022 as a case study, we investigated the potential seismic anomalies of the ionosphere, infrared radiation, atmospheric electrostatic field (AEF), and hot spring ions in the seismogenic region. Firstly, we analyzed the multi-parameter anomalies in the ionosphere around the epicenter and found synchronous anomalous disturbances in the ground parameters, namely the global ionospheric map (GIM), GPS, TEC, and satellite parameters, such as the He+ and O+ densities on 26 August under relatively quiet solar\u2013geomagnetic conditions (F10.7 &lt; 120 SFU; Kp &lt; 3; Dst &gt; \u221230 nT; |AE| &lt; 500 nT). Next, both the anomaly analysis of the infrared radiation and AEF, and the survey results of the Luding EQ scientific expedition on the hot spring ions showed pre-seismic anomalous variations at different time periods in the seismogenic region. The characteristics of Earth\u2019s multi-sphere coupling anomalies in temporal evolution and spatial distribution were obvious, which validated the Lithosphere\u2013Atmosphere\u2013Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) mechanism. Finally, combining the analysis results and the LAIC mechanism, we suggested that the multi-sphere coupling anomalies were more likely associated with the Luding Ms6.8 EQ, and that the differential motion and the regional crustal stress accumulation between the Chuandian block and the Bayan Har block might have led to this EQ. Furthermore, remote sensing and ground-based monitoring technologies can play an important role in corroborating and compensating each other, while further study of the multi-sphere coupling mechanism will provide a clearer understanding of the seismogenic process for major EQs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15164042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T10:08:09Z","timestamp":1692180489000},"page":"4042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Analysis of Lithosphere\u2013Atmosphere\u2013Ionosphere Coupling Associated with the 2022 Luding Ms6.8 Earthquake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Earthquake Agency, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7462-4463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuemin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianhe","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Earthquake Agency, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Earthquake Agency, Shenyang 110034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiebao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Earthquake Agency, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Earthquake Agency, Nanchang 330096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Earthquake Agency, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Earthquake Agency, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Earthquake Agency, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Earthquake Agency, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2003.07.005","article-title":"The large-scale isolated disturbances dynamics in the main peak of electronic concentration of ionosphere","volume":"65","author":"Kalinin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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