{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T06:45:19Z","timestamp":1764225919162,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","award":["2019127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019127"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground-based radar has been used for Moon imaging for more than 60 years. Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST), as the largest radio telescope on Earth, holds significant potential for celestial imaging missions with its exceptional sensitivity. A bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Moon imaging model that incorporates FAST and other transmitting radars is presented. The objective of this paper is to design the imaging parameters of this bistatic configuration based on the required resolution, and to estimate the resolution performance based on a given bistatic system capability. Considering the ultra-far range and the ultra-long observation time between the radars and the Moon, the geometric relationship involved in this bistatic configuration is significantly distinct from the bistatic configuration of airborne and spaceborne radars. Therefore, this paper accurately derives the two-dimensional resolution on the Moon\u2019s surface. First of all, the models of the Earth\u2019s surface and the Moon\u2019s surface, and the celestial motion of the Earth and Moon are established using WGS-84 and JPL-DE421, given by STK. Secondly, the bistatic range history within the observation time is calculated in terms of continuous celestial motion instead of the popular \u2018stop-and-go\u2019 assumption. Thirdly, no approximation is used in the resolution derivation process, and, in addition to the two-dimensional resolutions, the incident angle and the included angle are also given to describe the imaging performance. This method can also be extended to other bistatic-station and single-station celestial imaging, providing support for radar location and parameters design, for observation time span selection, for observation area selection, and for imaging performance estimation. The echo generation and imaging for point targets set on the Moon are shown. The simulation results prove the validity and accuracy of the proposed method in the paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15164045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T10:08:09Z","timestamp":1692180489000},"page":"4045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Moon Imaging Performance of FAST Radio Telescope in Bistatic Configuration with Other Radars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jinghai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Guizhou Radio Astronomy Observatory, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}]},{"given":"Lijia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Guizhou Radio Astronomy Observatory, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Chibiao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ067i012p04881","article-title":"Enhancement of radar reflectivity associated with the Moon Crater tycho","volume":"67","author":"Pettengill","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. 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