{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T05:24:36Z","timestamp":1771046676482,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF","award":["AGS-1744033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-1744033"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["AGS-2152109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-2152109"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["AGS-1903346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-1903346"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a machine-learning approach to detect and analyze meteor echoes (MADAME), which is a radar data processing workflow featuring advanced machine-learning techniques using both supervised and unsupervised learning. Our results demonstrate that YOLOv4, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based one-stage object detection model, performs remarkably well in detecting and identifying meteor head and trail echoes within processed radar signals. The detector can identify more than 80 echoes per minute in the testing data obtained from the Jicamarca high power large aperture (HPLA) radar. MADAME is also capable of autonomously processing data in an interferometer mode, as well as determining the target\u2019s radiant source and vector velocity. In the testing data, the Eta Aquarids meteor shower could be clearly identified from the meteor radiant source distribution analyzed automatically by MADAME, thereby demonstrating the proposed algorithm\u2019s functionality. In addition, MADAME found that about 50 percent of the meteors were traveling in inclined and near-inclined circular orbits. Furthermore, meteor head echoes with a trail are more likely to originate from shower meteor sources. Our results highlight the capability of advanced machine-learning techniques in radar signal processing, providing an efficient and powerful tool to facilitate future and new meteor research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15164051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T10:08:09Z","timestamp":1692180489000},"page":"4051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Machine Learning Algorithm to Detect and Analyze Meteor Echoes Observed by the Jicamarca Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1093-7898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanlin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA"}]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6281-4905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8760-8240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qihou","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0491-6852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tai-Yin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University Lehigh Valley, Center Valley, PA 18034, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-019-0597-7","article-title":"Interplanetary dust, meteoroids, meteors and meteorites","volume":"215","author":"Koschny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Space Sci. 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