{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T13:38:12Z","timestamp":1772717892442,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Special Project for the Construction of Innovation Environment in the Autonomous Region","award":["PT2203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2203"]}]},{"name":"The Special Project for the Construction of Innovation Environment in the Autonomous Region","award":["IDM2021005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021005"]}]},{"name":"The Special Project for the Construction of Innovation Environment in the Autonomous Region","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}]},{"name":"The Special Project for the Construction of Innovation Environment in the Autonomous Region","award":["41875023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875023"]}]},{"name":"The Special Project for the Construction of Innovation Environment in the Autonomous Region","award":["KJF202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJF202302"]}]},{"name":"The Special Project for the Construction of Innovation Environment in the Autonomous Region","award":["IDM2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021001"]}]},{"name":"The Special Project for the Construction of Innovation Environment in the Autonomous Region","award":["XJ2023G032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2023G032"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["PT2203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2203"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["IDM2021005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021005"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["41875023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875023"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["KJF202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJF202302"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["IDM2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021001"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["XJ2023G032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2023G032"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tien Shan Innovation Team) project","award":["PT2203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2203"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tien Shan Innovation Team) project","award":["IDM2021005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021005"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tien Shan Innovation Team) project","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tien Shan Innovation Team) project","award":["41875023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875023"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tien Shan Innovation Team) project","award":["KJF202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJF202302"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tien Shan Innovation Team) project","award":["IDM2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021001"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tien Shan Innovation Team) project","award":["XJ2023G032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2023G032"]}]},{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["PT2203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2203"]}]},{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["IDM2021005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021005"]}]},{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}]},{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41875023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875023"]}]},{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KJF202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJF202302"]}]},{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["IDM2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021001"]}]},{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XJ2023G032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2023G032"]}]},{"name":"The S&amp;T Development Fund of IDM","award":["PT2203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2203"]}]},{"name":"The S&amp;T Development Fund of IDM","award":["IDM2021005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021005"]}]},{"name":"The S&amp;T Development Fund of IDM","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}]},{"name":"The S&amp;T Development Fund of IDM","award":["41875023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875023"]}]},{"name":"The S&amp;T Development Fund of IDM","award":["KJF202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJF202302"]}]},{"name":"The S&amp;T Development Fund of IDM","award":["IDM2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021001"]}]},{"name":"The S&amp;T Development Fund of IDM","award":["XJ2023G032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2023G032"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["PT2203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2203"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["IDM2021005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021005"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["41875023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875023"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["KJF202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJF202302"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["IDM2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021001"]}]},{"name":"The Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Central-level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes","award":["XJ2023G032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2023G032"]}]},{"name":"The Graduate Education Innovation Program of the Autonomous Region","award":["PT2203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2203"]}]},{"name":"The Graduate Education Innovation Program of the Autonomous Region","award":["IDM2021005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021005"]}]},{"name":"The Graduate Education Innovation Program of the Autonomous Region","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}]},{"name":"The Graduate Education Innovation Program of the Autonomous Region","award":["41875023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875023"]}]},{"name":"The Graduate Education Innovation Program of the Autonomous Region","award":["KJF202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJF202302"]}]},{"name":"The Graduate Education Innovation Program of the Autonomous Region","award":["IDM2021001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDM2021001"]}]},{"name":"The Graduate Education Innovation Program of the Autonomous Region","award":["XJ2023G032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2023G032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grassland ecosystems are an important component of global terrestrial ecosystems and play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. Therefore, it is important to study the carbon dioxide (CO2) process in the Middle Tien Shan grassland ecosystem, which can be regarded as a typical representative of the mountain grasslands in Xinjiang. Eddy covariance (EC) and the global carbon fluxes dataset (GCFD) were utilized to continuously monitor the Middle Tien Shan grassland ecosystem in Xinjiang throughout the 2018 growing season. The findings revealed notable daily and monthly fluctuations in net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary productivity (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Reco). On a daily basis, there was net absorption of CO2 during the day and net emission during the night. The grassland acted as a carbon sink from 6:00 to 18:00 and as a carbon source for the remaining hours of the day. On a monthly scale, June and July served as carbon sinks, whereas the other months acted as carbon sources. The accumulated NEE, GPP, and Reco during the growing season were \u2212329.49 g C m\u22122, 779.04 g C m\u22122, and 449.55 g C m\u22122, respectively. On the half-hourly and daily scales, soil temperature (Ts) was the main contributor to CO2 fluxes and had the greatest influence on the variations in CO2 fluxes. Additionally, air temperature (Ta) showed a strong correlation with CO2 fluxes. The grassland ecosystems exhibited the strongest CO2 uptake, reaching its peak at soil temperatures of 25 \u00b0C. Moreover, as the air temperatures rose above 15 \u00b0C, there was a gradual decrease in NEE, while CO2 uptake increased. The applicability of GCFD data is good in the grassland ecosystem of the Middle Tien Shan Mountains, with correlations of 0.59, 0.81, and 0.73 for NEE, GPP, and Reco, respectively, compared to field observations. In terms of remote sensing spatial distribution, the Middle Tien Shan grassland ecosystem exhibits a carbon sink phenomenon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15164091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:46:56Z","timestamp":1692582416000},"page":"4091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Temporal and Spatial Variations in Carbon Flux and Their Influencing Mechanisms on the Middle Tien Shan Region Grassland Ecosystem, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7335-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mamtimin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ailiyaer","family":"Aihaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meiqi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenglong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7861-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"044023","article-title":"IPCC fourth assessment report","volume":"2007","author":"Pachauri","year":"2007","journal-title":"IPCC Geneva"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-008-1009-1","article-title":"Three-year Variations of Water, Energy and CO2 Fluxes of Cropland and Degraded Grassland Surfaces in a Semi-arid Area of Northeastern China","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1126\/science.247.4949.1431","article-title":"Observational contrains on the global atmospheric CO2 budget","volume":"247","author":"Tans","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2023.107061","article-title":"Phytolith evidence for changes in the vegetation diversity and cover of a grassland ecosystem in Northeast China since the mid-Holocene","volume":"226","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"261","article-title":"Carbon sequestration of Chinese grassland ecosystems: Stock, rate, and potential","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108694","article-title":"Carbon fluxes and environmental controls across different alpine grassland types on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"311","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2022.109217","article-title":"Altered precipitation rather than warming and defoliation regulate short-term soil carbon and nitrogen fluxes in a northern temperate grassland","volume":"327","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2022.108178","article-title":"Interactive effects of warming and managements on carbon fluxes in grasslands: A global meta-analysis","volume":"340","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2022.110152","article-title":"Use of remote sensing and bio-geochemical models to estimate the net carbon fluxes of managed mountain grasslands","volume":"474","author":"Argenti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02850","article-title":"Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland","volume":"431","author":"Bai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.05.009","article-title":"Multi-scale dynamics and environmental controls on net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a temperate semiarid shrubland","volume":"259","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"184","article-title":"Factors influencing CO2 fluxes of a grassland ecosystem on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, China","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Prataculturae Sin."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"139","article-title":"Analysis of current grassland resources in China","volume":"61","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"270","article-title":"Evaluating ecosystem health in the grasslands of Xinjiang","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arid. Zone Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.408","article-title":"Contributions of climate change to the terrestrial carbon stock of the arid region of China: A multi-dataset analysis","volume":"668","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Variations in carbon flux and factors influencing it on the northern slopes of the TienShan Mountains","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Prataculturae Sin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2020.114636","article-title":"Impact of differences in soil temperature on the desert carbon sink","volume":"379","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108689","article-title":"Water and carbon dioxide fluxes over a \u201cfloating blanket\u201d wetland in southwest of China with eddy covariance method","volume":"311","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106317","article-title":"Variations and controlling factors of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in a meadow-rice ecosystem in a semi-arid region","volume":"215","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.03.056","article-title":"CMAQ simulation of atmospheric CO2 concentration in East Asia: Comparison with GOSAT observations and ground measurements","volume":"160","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2019.05.003","article-title":"Estimating vegetation productivity of urban regions using sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence data derived from the OCO-2 satellite","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106044","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variability of XCO2 over Indian region inferred from Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) satellite and Chemistry Transport Model","volume":"269","author":"Kunchala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2022.113383","article-title":"Global modeling diurnal gross primary production from OCO-3 solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"285","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-011-4374-6","article-title":"Uncertainties in assessing the effect of climate change on agriculture using model simulation and uncertainty processing methods","volume":"56","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2022.102919","article-title":"A data-assimilative model reanalysis of the US Mid Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Maine: Configuration and comparison to observations and global ocean models","volume":"209","author":"Wilkin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2021.101520","article-title":"Impact of different ERA reanalysis data on GPP simulation","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107731","article-title":"Variation characteristics and influencing mechanism of CO2 flux from lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert: A case study of Yindeer Lake","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163395","article-title":"Long-term effects of rewetting and drought on GPP in a temperate peatland based on satellite remote sensing data","volume":"882","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"18","article-title":"Impact of climate change on water resources in the Tianshan Mountians","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cent. Asia. Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"4550","article-title":"The rule of grassland surface radiation budget in the middle of TienShan Mountains","volume":"42","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-008-0507-z","article-title":"Plant diversity patterns and their relationships with soil and climatic factors along an altitudinal gradient in the middle Tianshan Mountain area, Xinjiang, China","volume":"24","author":"Sang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-3695-2015","article-title":"A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP)","volume":"8","author":"Kljun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shangguan, W., Xiong, Z., Nourani, V., Li, Q., Lu, X., Li, L., Huang, F., Zhang, Y., Sun, W., and Dai, Y. (2023). A 1 km Global Carbon Flux Dataset Using In Situ Measurements and Deep Learning. Forests, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/f14050913"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1001840416858","article-title":"Autoregressive filtering versus linear detrending in estimation of fluxes by the eddy covariance method","volume":"91","author":"Rannik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bound. -Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaimal, J.C., and Finnigan, J.J. (1994). Atmospheric boundary Layer Flows: Their Structure and Measurement, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195062397.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00122754","article-title":"Frequency-response corrections for eddy-correlation systems","volume":"37","author":"Moore","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00164332","article-title":"Temperature-measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes","volume":"26","author":"Schotanus","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710644707","article-title":"Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water-vapor transfer","volume":"106","author":"Webb","year":"1980","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x","article-title":"On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: Review and improved algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Reichstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-3-571-2006","article-title":"Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: Algorithms and uncertainty estimation","volume":"3","author":"Papale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.11.012","article-title":"Cross-site evaluation of eddy covariance GPP and RE decomposition techniques","volume":"148","author":"Desai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"D05109","article-title":"Crop Evapotranspiration-Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements-FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56","volume":"300","author":"Allen","year":"1998","journal-title":"FAO Rome"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.254","article-title":"No significant changes in topsoil carbon in the grasslands of northern China between the 1980s and 2000s","volume":"624","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-1016-8","article-title":"Water and carbon dioxide fluxes over an alpine meadow in southwest China and the impact of a spring drought event","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2022.100079","article-title":"Photosynthetic functions in plants subjected to stresses are positively influenced by priming","volume":"4","author":"Sherin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110708","article-title":"Factors controlling and variations of CO2 fluxes during the growing season in Gurbantunggut Desert","volume":"154","author":"Amar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-019-01770-3","article-title":"Integration of eddy covariance and process-based model for the intra-annual variability of carbon fluxes in an Indian tropical forest","volume":"28","author":"Pillai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9333","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-9333-2017","article-title":"Net ecosystem exchange and energy fluxes measured with the eddy covariance technique in a western Siberian bog","volume":"17","author":"Alekseychik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31175-w","article-title":"Regional and seasonal partitioning of water and temperature controls on global land carbon uptake variability","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"215","article-title":"Characteristics of annual variation in net carbon dioxide flux in a sandy grassland ecosystem during dry years","volume":"27","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Prataculeurae Sin."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154351","article-title":"Effects of warming and precipitation changes on soil GHG fluxes: A meta- analysis","volume":"827","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.139","article-title":"Potential and environmental control of carbon sequestration in major ecosystems across arid and semi-arid regions in China","volume":"645","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"730","article-title":"Effect of experimental warming on carbon and nitrogen content of sub-alpine meadow in Northwestern Sichuan","volume":"28","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Bot. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2001.00407.x","article-title":"Year-round observations of the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in a native tallgrass prairie","volume":"7","author":"Suyker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2004.00842.x","article-title":"Long-term carbon exchange in a sparse, seasonally dry tussock grassland","volume":"10","author":"Hunt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.01.007","article-title":"Response of ecosystem carbon fluxes to drought events in a poplar plantation in Northern China","volume":"300","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.04.026","article-title":"Temperature and precipitation control of the spatial variation of terrestrial ecosystem carbon exchange in the Asian region","volume":"182","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136210","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual variations in ecosystem respiration in relation to temperature, moisture, and productivity in a temperate semi-arid shrubland","volume":"709","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6855","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-11-6855-2014","article-title":"How drought severity constrains gross primary production (GPP) and its partitioning among carbon pools in a Quercus ilex coppice?","volume":"11","author":"Rambal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20780","article-title":"Compensatory water effects link yearly global land CO2 sink changes to temperature","volume":"541","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2022.109190","article-title":"Empirical analysis of the influences of meteorological factors on the interannual variations in carbon fluxes of a Quercus variabilis plantation","volume":"326","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Wang, S., Wang, J., Xia, J., Luo, Y., Yu, G., and Niu, S. (2023). Evidence for widespread thermal optimality of ecosystem respiration. Nat. Ecol. Evol., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-023-02121-w"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00653-5","article-title":"Global terrestrial carbon fluxes of 1999\u20132019 estimated by upscaling eddy covariance data with a random forest","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x","article-title":"CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database","volume":"13","author":"Luyssaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.07.035","article-title":"Responses of soil C stock and soil C loss to land restoration in Ili River Valley, China","volume":"171","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catena"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/16\/4091\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:37:55Z","timestamp":1760128675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/16\/4091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15164091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15164091","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]}}}