{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T06:08:09Z","timestamp":1776319689316,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR2201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR2201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M712936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M712936"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","award":["42201440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201440"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","award":["AR2201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR2201"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","award":["2022M712936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M712936"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR2201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR2201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M712936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M712936"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semantic change detection (SCD) is a challenging task in remote sensing, which aims to locate and identify changes between the bi-temporal images, providing detailed \u201cfrom-to\u201d change information. This information is valuable for various remote sensing applications. Recent studies have shown that multi-task networks, with dual segmentation branches and single change branch, are effective in SCD tasks. However, these networks primarily focus on extracting contextual information and ignore spatial details, resulting in the missed or false detection of small targets and inaccurate boundaries. To address the limitations of the aforementioned methods, this paper proposed a spatial-temporal semantic perception network (STSP-Net) for SCD. It effectively utilizes spatial detail information through the detail-aware path (DAP) and generates spatial-temporal semantic-perception features through combining deep contextual features. Meanwhile, the network enhances the representation of semantic features in spatial and temporal dimensions by leveraging a spatial attention fusion module (SAFM) and a temporal refinement detection module (TRDM). This augmentation results in improved sensitivity to details and adaptive performance balancing between semantic segmentation (SS) and change detection (CD). In addition, by incorporating the invariant consistency loss function (ICLoss), the proposed method constrains the consistency of land cover (LC) categories in invariant regions, thereby improving the accuracy and robustness of SCD. The comparative experimental results on three SCD datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in SCD. It outperforms other methods in various evaluation metrics, achieving a significant improvement. The Sek improvements of 2.84%, 1.63%, and 0.78% have been observed, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15164095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:46:56Z","timestamp":1692582416000},"page":"4095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Spatial-Temporal Semantic Perception Network for Remote Sensing Image Semantic Change Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5944-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"given":"Hanchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6080-9771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiqian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2015.2443494","article-title":"The Time Variable in Data Fusion: A Change Detection Perspective","volume":"3","author":"Bovolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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