{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T19:23:05Z","timestamp":1781119385374,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42030608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030608"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42090031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42090031"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42275121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275121"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41975177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975177"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42175128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175128"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023Z012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z012"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022KJ002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022KJ005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ005"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["42030608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030608"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["42090031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42090031"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["42275121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275121"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["41975177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975177"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["42175128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175128"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["2023Z012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z012"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["2022KJ002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ002"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","award":["2022KJ005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ005"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["42030608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030608"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["42090031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42090031"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["42275121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275121"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["41975177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975177"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["42175128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175128"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2023Z012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z012"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2022KJ002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ002"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team for Haze-fog Observation and Forecasts of Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2022KJ005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and aerosol chemical composition were concurrently measured via a scanning mobility CCN analyzer (SMCA) and an Aerodyne Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM), respectively, during wintertime 2022 in Beijing, China. During the observation period, the mean CCN number concentrations ranged from 1345 \u00b1 1270 cm\u22123 at SS = 0.1% to 3267 \u00b1 2325 cm\u22123 at SS = 0.3%. The mean critical activation diameters (D50) at SS = 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% were 172 \u00b1 13 nm, 102 \u00b1 8 nm, and 84 \u00b1 7 nm, corresponding to the average hygroscopicity parameters (\u03baCCN) of 0.34, 0.33, and 0.26, respectively. The diurnal variations in D50 suggested that the local primary emissions significantly enhanced D50 at SS = 0.2% and 0.3%, but had less influence on D50 at SS = 0.1% due to the limited size (&lt;150 nm) of particles emitted from primary sources. As PM2.5 concentration increases, the dominant driver of CCN activity transitions from sulfate to nitrate. At a specific SS, D50 decreased with increases in the degree of internal mixing, implying that the elevated internal mixing degree during atmospheric aging was beneficial to CCN activation. In this study, the commonly used f44 (or O:C) was weakly correlated with \u03baorg and failed to describe the variations in \u03baorg. Instead, the variations in \u03baorg can be well parameterized with the Org\/BC ratio. The correlation between \u03ba derived from bulk chemical compositions and CCN measurements was substantially improved when this \u03baorg scheme was adopted, emphasizing the importance of considering \u03baorg variations on deriving \u03bachem from aerosol chemical composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15174119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T09:10:56Z","timestamp":1692695456000},"page":"4119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impacts of Aerosol Chemical Composition on Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) Activity during Wintertime in Beijing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0382-5764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1939-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zirui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junting","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9458-3387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huizheng","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, 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