{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:58:45Z","timestamp":1769637525034,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of Wuhan, Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station","award":["WHYWZ202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHYWZ202102"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Wuhan, Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station","award":["WHYWZ202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHYWZ202103"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Wuhan, Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station","award":["41931074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931074"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Wuhan, Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station","award":["41974014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974014"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Wuhan, Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station","award":["42074172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074172"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Wuhan, Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station","award":["42004013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004013"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Wuhan, Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station","award":["42274004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274004"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Wuhan, Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station","award":["XH21021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH21021"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Wuhan, Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station","award":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Wuhan, Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station","award":["2022A1515010469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010469"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["WHYWZ202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHYWZ202102"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["WHYWZ202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHYWZ202103"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41931074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931074"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41974014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974014"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42074172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074172"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42004013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004013"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42274004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XH21021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH21021"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022A1515010469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010469"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["WHYWZ202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHYWZ202102"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["WHYWZ202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHYWZ202103"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["41931074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931074"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["41974014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974014"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["42074172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074172"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["42004013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004013"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["42274004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274004"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["XH21021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH21021"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"]}]},{"name":"Science for Earthquake Resilience","award":["2022A1515010469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010469"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences within the LEGACY","award":["WHYWZ202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHYWZ202102"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences within the LEGACY","award":["WHYWZ202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHYWZ202103"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences within the LEGACY","award":["41931074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931074"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences within the LEGACY","award":["41974014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974014"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences within the LEGACY","award":["42074172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074172"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences within the LEGACY","award":["42004013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004013"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences within the LEGACY","award":["42274004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274004"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences within the LEGACY","award":["XH21021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH21021"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences within the LEGACY","award":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society and the Chinese Academy of Sciences within the LEGACY","award":["2022A1515010469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010469"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["WHYWZ202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHYWZ202102"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["WHYWZ202103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHYWZ202103"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["41931074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41931074"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["41974014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974014"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42074172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074172"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42004013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004013"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42274004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274004"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["XH21021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH21021"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M.IF.A.QOP18098"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2022A1515010469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010469"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Floods have always threatened the survival and development of human beings. To reduce the adverse effects of floods, it is very important to understand the influencing factors of floods and their formation mechanisms. In our study, we integrated the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and its Follow-On and Swarm solutions to estimate an uninterrupted 19-year flood potential index (FPI) time series, discussed the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the FPI and monitored major floods in the Volga River basin (VRB) from 2003 to 2021. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between the FPI and hydrometeorological factors to comprehend the flood formation mechanism. The results show that data fusion has reduced the uncertainty of terrestrial water storage change (TWSC), and the TWSC from the combined satellite gravity observations has a good consistency with that from the Global Land Data Assimilation System model (correlation coefficient = 0.92). During the study period, two major floods (June 2005 and May 2018) occurred in the VRB. The FPI has a significant seasonal change characteristic, and shows a high flood risk in spring and a low one in autumn. With regards to spatial distribution, the flood risk is increasing in the north (increasing rate = 0.1) and decreasing in the south (decreasing rate = 0.39). Snow water equivalent (SWE, correlation coefficient = 0.75) has a stronger correlation with the FPI than precipitation (PPT, correlation coefficient = 0.46), which is attributed to the recharge of SWE on water resources greater than that of PPT. The rising surface temperature (ST) speeds up snow melt, resulting in excessive groundwater and soil moisture, and the flood risk greatly increases at this time. The process lasts about three months. Therefore, except for PPT, ST is also a climatic factor leading to the floods in the VRB. Our study provides a reference for flood research in high-latitude regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15174144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:23:40Z","timestamp":1692872620000},"page":"4144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Spatiotemporal Evaluation of the Flood Potential Index and Its Driving Factors across the Volga River Basin Based on Combined Satellite Gravity Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhengbo","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"Gravitation and Earth Tide, National Observation and Research Station, Wuhan 430071, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7694-2972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilu","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China"}]},{"given":"Chaolong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8223-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying Engineering, School of Civil and Transportation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Maoqiao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China"}]},{"given":"Chengkang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-18-2735-2014","article-title":"Understanding flood regime changes in Europe: A state-of-the-art assessment","volume":"18","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8178","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218178","article-title":"The influence of climate change on droughts and floods in the Yangtze River basin from 2003 to 2020","volume":"22","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-018-3290-3","article-title":"Observed changes in hydrological extreme and flood disaster in Yangtze River Basin: Spatial-temporal variability and climate change impacts","volume":"93","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.03.043","article-title":"Projecting climate change impacts on hydrological processes on the Tibetan Plateau with model calibration against the glacier inventory data and observed streamflow","volume":"573","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"IPCC (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1911","article-title":"Global flood risk under climate change","volume":"3","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-014-1084-5","article-title":"The impacts of climate change on river flood risk at the global scale","volume":"134","author":"Arnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70816-2","article-title":"Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability","volume":"10","author":"Tabari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00662591","article-title":"Recent Floods in Bangladesh-possible causes and solutions","volume":"9","author":"Khalequzzaman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/02508060208686993","article-title":"Flood hazard causes and flood protection recommendations for Belgian river basins","volume":"27","author":"Persoons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4420","article-title":"Extreme seasonal drought and floods in Amazonia: Causes, trends and Impacts","volume":"36","author":"Marengo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-5149-7","article-title":"Causes and impacts of flash floods: Case of Gabes City, Southern Tunisia","volume":"13","author":"Dahri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-318X.2011.01095.x","article-title":"Flood risk from groundwater: Examples from a Chalk catchment in southern England","volume":"4","author":"Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Flood Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-011-9830-8","article-title":"Analysis of flood causes and associated socio-economic damage in the Hindukush region","volume":"59","author":"Amir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-020-02709-y","article-title":"A copula-based multivariate probability analysis for flash flood risk under the compound effect of soil moisture and rainfall","volume":"35","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-011-9750-7","article-title":"Let us create flood hazard maps for developing countries","volume":"58","author":"Hagen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W11301","DOI":"10.1029\/2006WR005202","article-title":"Flood prediction in the future: Recognizing hydrologic issues in anticipation of the Global Precipitation Measurement mission","volume":"42","author":"Hossain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5929","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017096","article-title":"Improving the representation of hydrologic processes in Earth System Models","volume":"51","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2018.06.010","article-title":"An integrated framework for high-resolution urban flood modelling considering multiple information sources and urban features","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Maggioni, V., and Massari, C. (2019). Extreme Hydro-Climatic Events and Multivariate Hazards in a Changing Environment, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, A., Faye, C., Othman, A., and Abdelrady, A. (2022). Hydro-geophysical evaluation of the regional variability of Senegal\u2019s terrestrial water storage using time-variable gravity data. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14164059"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W12526","DOI":"10.1029\/2010WR009383","article-title":"The 2009 exceptional Amazon flood and inter annual terrestrial water storage change observed by GRACE","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.04.035","article-title":"Assilation of GRACE terrestrial water storage into a land surface model: Evaluation and potential value for drought monitoring in western and central Europe","volume":"446\u2013447","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.127176","article-title":"Multiscale gravity measurements to characterize 2020 flodd events and their spatio-temporal evolution in Yangtze River of China","volume":"603","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127927","article-title":"Jointly using the GLDAS2.2 model and GRACE to study the severe Yangtze flooding of 2020","volume":"610","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040651","article-title":"Hydroclimatic extremes evaluation using GRACE\/GRACE-FO and multidecadal climatic variables over the Nile River basin","volume":"13","author":"Nigatu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idowu, D., and Zhou, W. (2019). Performance evaluation of a potential component of an early flood warning system\u2014A case study of the 2012 flood, lower Niger River basin, Nigeria. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11171970"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081168","article-title":"Drought and flood monitoring of the Liao River basin in northeast China using extended GRACE data","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.3390\/w12113128","article-title":"Comparison of terrestrial water storage changes derived from GRACE\/GRACE-FO and Swarm: A case study in the Amazon River Basin","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-1385-2020","article-title":"Description of the multi-approach gravity field models from Swarm GPS data","volume":"12","author":"Visser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14122887","article-title":"The drought events over the Amazon River basin from 2003 to 2020 detected by GRACE\/GRACE-FO and Swarm satellites","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL095141","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL095141","article-title":"Rapid mass loss in West Antarctica revealed by Swarm gravimetry in the absence of GRACE","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Letts"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23402","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL040826","article-title":"Global terrestrial water storage capacity and flood potential using GRACE","volume":"36","author":"Reager","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-16-1011-2016","article-title":"Evaluating flood potential with GRACE in the United States","volume":"16","author":"Molodtsova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101011","article-title":"Assessing terrestrial water storage and flood potential using GRACE data in the Yangzte River basin, China","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"319","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evaluation of flood potential indices for watershed flood prediction in the Mississippi River basin, USA","volume":"27","author":"Idowu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9009","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1797218","article-title":"The potential of GRACE in assessing the flood potential of Peninsular Indian River basin","volume":"41","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7324","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70607324","article-title":"Droughts and floods in the La Plata basin in soil moisture data and GRACE","volume":"7","author":"Abelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.127115","article-title":"Integrated flood potential index for flood monitoring in the GRACE era","volume":"603","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3390\/cli10070107","article-title":"Hydrological and meteorological variability in the Volga River basin under global warming by 1.5 and 2 degrees","volume":"10","author":"Kalugin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Climate"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2023, August 09). Volga River. Available online: http:\/\/xxfb.mwr.cn\/slbk\/zh\/zyhl\/202004\/t20200409_1466531.html."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buber, A., Bolgov, M., and Buber, V. (2023). Statistical and water management assessment of the impact of climate change in the reservoir basin of the Volga-Kama cascade on the environment safety of the lower Volga ecosystem. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13084768"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3103\/S1068373918100011","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes in extreme runoff characteristics for the Volga basin rivers","volume":"43","author":"Georgievskii","year":"2018","journal-title":"Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30205","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB02844","article-title":"Time variability of the Earth\u2019s gravity field: Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible using GRACE","volume":"103","author":"Wahr","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Soild Earth"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.3390\/w13182575","article-title":"Analysis of the influencing factors of drought events based on GRACE data under different climatic conditions: A case study in Mainland China","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-018-1123-5","article-title":"Combination of GRACE monthly gravity field solutions from different processing strategies","volume":"92","author":"Jean","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"National Weather Information Center (2011). Global Atmospheric\/Land Surface Reanalysis Products of China Meteorological Administration, National Weather Information Center. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-453-2011","article-title":"Global land surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations","volume":"15","author":"Miralles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-10-1903-2017","article-title":"GLEAM v3: Satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture","volume":"10","author":"Martens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-3-381","article-title":"The global land data assimilation system","volume":"85","author":"Rodell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.02.011","article-title":"Global analysis of spatiotemporal variability in merged total water storage changes using multiple GRACE products and global hydrological models","volume":"192","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061369","article-title":"Natural- and human-induced influences on terrestrial water storage change in Sichuan, Southwest China from 2003 to 2020","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127885","article-title":"Evaluation of evapotranspiration for exorheic basins in China using an improved estimate of terrestrial water storage change","volume":"610","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030712","article-title":"The influence of climate change on forest fires in Yunnan province, Southwest China detected by GRACE satellites","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.01.008","article-title":"Impacts of land use change on watershed streamflow and sediment yield: An assessment using hydrologic modelling and partial least squares regression","volume":"484","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.124","article-title":"Hydrological responses to land use\/cover changes in the source region of the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia","volume":"575","author":"Woldesenbet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, L., Chen, X., An, J., Yao, C., Su, Y., Zhu, C., and Li, Y. (2023). Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Droughts and Its Connection to Climate Variability and Human Activities in the Pearl River Basin, South China. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15091720"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/fire6020042","article-title":"The spatiotemporal characteristics of wildfires across Australia and their connection to extreme climate based on a combined hydrological drought index","volume":"6","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fire"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-7065(02)00052-9","article-title":"The response of the water fluxes of the boreal forest region at the Vloga\u2019s source area to climatic and land-use changes","volume":"27","author":"Oltchev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Chemis. Earth"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2023, June 30). Springtime Floods in Southern Russia, Available online: https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/14928\/springtime-floods-in-southern-russia."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3103\/S1068373918100035","article-title":"Hydrological regime of the lower Volga River under modern conditions","volume":"43","author":"Gorelits","year":"2018","journal-title":"Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-2545-2","article-title":"Regional recharge estimation using multiple methods: An application in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia (Canada)","volume":"71","author":"Rivard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128938","article-title":"Climate and elevation control snow depth and snow phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"617","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(99)00182-1","article-title":"Flood Producing mechanisms identification in southern British Columbia, Canada","volume":"227","author":"Loukas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010179","article-title":"Accurate simulation of ice and snow runoff for the mountainous terrain of the Kunlun Mountains, China","volume":"12","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.05.054","article-title":"Influence of changes in rainfall and soil moisture on trends in flooding","volume":"575","author":"Wasko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W09409","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR006621","article-title":"Assessment of damage caused by high groundwater inundation","volume":"44","author":"Kreibich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.251","article-title":"Economic impacts of urban flooding in Soth Florida: Potential consequences of managing groundwater to prevent salt water intrusion","volume":"621","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-021-04723-8","article-title":"Quantifying rain, snow and glacier meltwater in river discharge during flood events in the Manas River basin, China","volume":"108","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Tian, K., Li, F., Xiong, S., Gao, Y., Wang, L., and Zhang, B. (2021). Using Swarm to detect total water storage changes in 26 global basins (taking the Amazon Basin, Volga Basin and Zamibezi Basin as examples). Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142659"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/17\/4144\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:38:03Z","timestamp":1760128683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/17\/4144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15174144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15174144","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]}}}