{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:19:10Z","timestamp":1781662750535,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["42074185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074185"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["220100013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220100013"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory","award":["42074185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074185"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory","award":["220100013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220100013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precise prediction of the global spatial\u2013temporal distribution of total electron content (TEC) is a challenge in space weather. Existing models are generally able to provide rather good prediction results at the cost of a large amount of computing resources. This limits the application of the method. A lightweight and highly accurate global TEC prediction model was developed in this study. Our model is capable of forecasting the global TEC map up to 12 h in advance with a step of one hour. The predicted results during geomagnetic quiet periods were consistent with measurements, with a maximum and average mean error (ME) of 1.5 TECU and \u22120.04 TECU under conditions of high solar activity, respectively. Our model also performed well during geomagnetic disturbed periods, with a maximum ME of 4.5 TECU and 2.5 TECU under conditions of high and low solar activities, respectively. Our model significantly reduces the training time (47%) and basic requirement of memory (60%) relative to the model of Liu et al. (2022) with no remarkable loss of model accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15174185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T08:33:09Z","timestamp":1692952389000},"page":"4185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A High-Precision and Lightweight Prediction Model for Global Total Electron Content"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4887-6223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijia","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Weather Technology, Research and Education Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"McNamara, L.F. 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