{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:23:31Z","timestamp":1766067811231,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium (PACTRANS)","award":["DTRT13-G-UTC40","UWSC10217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTRT13-G-UTC40","UWSC10217"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rockfall presents a significant risk to the safety and economy of communities and infrastructure in mountainous regions. The recently-developed Rockfall Activity Index (RAI) utilizes high-resolution terrestrial lidar-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) of rock slopes to categorize a slope face into seven distinct morphological units, or \u201cRAI classes\u201d. This paper focuses on a comprehensive study conducted at four sites in Alaska, USA, where a robust lidar-based five-year inventory of 4381 rockfall events was analyzed. The primary objective was to investigate variations in failure characteristics, such as cumulative magnitude\u2013frequency distributions, non-cumulative power\u2013law parameters, average annual failure rates, and average failure depths, among the different RAI classes. The findings demonstrate that the seven RAI classes effectively differentiate the rock slope based on unique mass-wasting characteristics. Furthermore, the research explores spatial and temporal variations in these failure characteristics. Based on the study\u2019s outcomes, recommendations are provided for modifying the RAI parameters for each RAI class, specifically the annual failure rate and average failure depth. These modifications aim to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of rockfall hazard assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15174223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T08:51:14Z","timestamp":1693299074000},"page":"4223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Lidar-Derived Rockfall Inventory\u2014An Analysis of the Geomorphic Evolution of Rock Slopes and Modifying the Rockfall Activity Index (RAI)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shane J.","family":"Markus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7659-7198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Wartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2989-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4078-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Darrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-013-0436-y","article-title":"The Varnes classification of landside types, an update","volume":"11","author":"Hungr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Rockfall Characterization and Control","volume":"284","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"TR News"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hoek, E. 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