{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:19:22Z","timestamp":1770743962029,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES031651-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES031651-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS2152887"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS2152887"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES031651-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES031651-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS2152887"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS2152887"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The escalating frequency and severity of global wildfires necessitate an in-depth understanding and monitoring of wildfire smoke impacts, specifically its contribution to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We propose a data-fusion method to study wildfire contribution to PM2.5 using satellite-derived smoke plume indicators and PM2.5 monitoring data. Our study incorporates two types of monitoring data, the high-quality but sparse Air Quality System (AQS) stations and the abundant but less accurate PurpleAir (PA) sensors that are gaining popularity among citizen scientists. We propose a multi-resolution spatiotemporal model specified in the spectral domain to calibrate the PA sensors against accurate AQS measurements, and leverage the two networks to estimate wildfire contribution to PM2.5 in California in 2020 and 2021. A Bayesian approach is taken to incorporate all uncertainties and our prior intuition that the dependence between networks, as well as the accuracy of PA network, vary by frequency. We find that 1% to 3% increase in PM2.5 concentration due to wildfire smoke, and that leveraging PA sensors improves accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15174246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T08:51:14Z","timestamp":1693299074000},"page":"4246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Data-Fusion Approach to Assessing the Contribution of Wildland Fire Smoke to Fine Particulate Matter in California"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hongjian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Ruiz-Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIBIOMA-CONICET, National University of Comahue, Bariloche R8400, Rio Negro, Argentina"},{"name":"Department of Statistical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5R OA3, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5473-120X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian J.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7696-0900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana G.","family":"Rappold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27709, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01868.x","article-title":"The effects of bushfire smoke on respiratory health","volume":"16","author":"Dennekamp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408436","article-title":"Forest fire smoke exposures and out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia: A case-crossover study","volume":"123","author":"Dennekamp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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