{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T13:45:23Z","timestamp":1772718323187,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Youth Program of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2021QD134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD134"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Youth Program of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2021YQ28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021YQ28"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Youth Program of Shandong Province","award":["tsqn202306182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["tsqn202306182"]}]},{"name":"Taishan Scholars Project of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2021QD134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QD134"]}]},{"name":"Taishan Scholars Project of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2021YQ28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021YQ28"]}]},{"name":"Taishan Scholars Project of Shandong Province","award":["tsqn202306182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["tsqn202306182"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The expansion of impervious surface area (ISA) in megacities of China often leads to land surface temperature (LST) aggregation effects, which affect living environments by impacting thermal comfort levels, thus becoming an issue of public concern. However, from an urban\u2013rural synchronous comparison perspective, the study of LST responses to ISA changes is still lacking in the central coastal megalopolises of China. To solve this issue, a collaborative methodology of artificial digitization\u2014fully constrained least squares mixed pixel decomposition\u2014split-window algorithm\u2014PCACA model was established for Qingdao using land use dataset and remote sensing images. The conclusions are below. Long time series of land use monitoring indicated that the expansion ratios of urban and rural areas were 131.29% and 43.42% in the past 50 years (i.e., from 1970 to 2020). Within urban and rural areas, a synchronous ISA increase was observed, with ratios of +9.14% (140.55 km2) and +7.94% (28.04 km2), respectively. Higher ratios and area changes were found in the urban regions, and a similar ISA change pattern in both urban and rural regions was captured by the ISA horizontal epitaxial expansion and vertical density enhancement. Further, the horizontal gradient effect displayed that the mean LSTs were 28.75 \u00b0C, 29.77 \u00b0C and 31.91 \u00b0C in the urban areas and 28.73 \u00b0C, 29.66 \u00b0C and 31.65 \u00b0C in the rural areas in low-, medium-, and high-density ISAs. The vertical density effect showed that the LST change was 1.02 \u00b0C and 2.14 \u00b0C in the urban areas but 0.93 \u00b0C and 1.99 \u00b0C in the rural areas during the ISA-density transition from low- to medium- and from medium- to high-density, respectively. Potential surface thermal indicators were assessed, and the urban regions displayed higher sensible heat flux (280.13 W\/m2) compared to the rural regions (i.e., 274.76 W\/m2). The mechanism effect of the ISA changes on LST in the urban and rural regions was revealed. These findings form a new comparative perspective of the urban\u2013rural synchronous change in the central coastal megalopolis of China and can provide a practical reference for relevant studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15174265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:09:49Z","timestamp":1693390189000},"page":"4265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Impervious Surface Area Patterns and Their Response to Land Surface Temperature Mechanism in Urban\u2013Rural Regions of Qingdao, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4818-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Remediation in Jining City, School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-135X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baofu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Remediation in Jining City, School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"}]},{"given":"Letian","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Remediation in Jining City, School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102326","article-title":"Multiscale analysis of the correlation patterns between the urban population and construction land in China","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. 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