{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T03:53:51Z","timestamp":1778817231183,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program","award":["2019QZKK0103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0103"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program","award":["2019QZKK0105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0105"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program","award":["42230610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230610"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program","award":["41975009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975009"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program","award":["42275069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275069"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019QZKK0103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0103"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019QZKK0105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0105"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42230610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42230610"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41975009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975009"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42275069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275069"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite-based precipitation retrievals such as the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG), provide alternative data in mountainous regions. In this study, we evaluated IMERG in the Yarlung Tsangbo Grand Canyon (YGC) using ground observations. It was found that IMERG underestimated the total rainfall primarily due to under-detection of rainfall events, with misses being more prevalent than false alarms. We analyzed the relationships between the probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), bias in detection (BID), and Heidke skill score (HSS) and terrain factors. It was found that the POD decreased with elevation, leading to increased underestimation of rainfall events at higher elevations, and the FAR was higher in valley sites. In terms of the hit events, IMERG overestimated the light rainfall events and underestimated the heavy rainfall events and the negative bias in the hit events decreased with elevation. IMERG could capture the early morning peak precipitation in the YGC region but underestimated the amplitude of the diurnal variation. This bias was inherent at the sensor level, and the Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC) calibration partially improved the underestimation. However, this improvement was not sufficient for the YGC region. This study fills the gap in IMERG validation in a complex mountainous region and has implications for users and developers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T10:23:42Z","timestamp":1693995822000},"page":"4380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Implications for Validation of IMERG Satellite Precipitation in a Complex Mountainous Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Luhan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Land-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Climatic Effects Group, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3892-5298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuelong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Climatic Effects Group, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaoming","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Climatic Effects Group, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station for Qomolongma Special Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Changes, Dingri 858200, China"},{"name":"Kathmandu Center of Research and Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Climatic Effects Group, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongchao","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Climatic Effects Group, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dianbin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation Group, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Climatic Effects Group, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/454393a","article-title":"China: The third pole","volume":"454","author":"Qiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Cao, D., Liu, Y., Xu, X., and Ma, Y. 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