{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:18:21Z","timestamp":1783948701878,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Scholarship Council (CSC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scientific progress in the context of seismic precursors reveals a systematic mechanism, namely lithosphere\u2013atmosphere\u2013ionosphere coupling (LAIC), to elaborate the underlying physical processes related to earthquake preparation phases. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was conducted for two earthquakes that occurred on the sea coast through tidal force fluctuation to investigate ocean\u2013lithosphere\u2013atmosphere\u2013ionosphere coupling (OLAIC), based on oceanic parameters (i.e., sea potential temperature and seawater salinity), air temperature and electron density profiles. The interrupted enhancement and diffusion process of thermal anomalies indicate that the intensity of seismic anomalies in the atmosphere is affected by the extent of land near the epicenter. By observing the evolution of the ocean interior, we found that the deep water was lifted and formed upwelling, which then diffused along the direction of plate boundaries with an \u201cintensification-peak-weakening\u201d trend under the action of the accelerated subduction of tectonic plates. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the seismic anomalies have two propagation paths: (i) along active faults, with the surface temperature rising as the initial performance, then the air pressure gradient being generated, and finally the ionosphere being disturbed; (ii) along plate boundaries, upwelling, which is the initial manifestation, leading to changes in the parameters of the upper ocean. The results presented in this study can contribute to understanding the intrinsic characteristics of OLAIC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T10:09:50Z","timestamp":1694081390000},"page":"4392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analysis of Ocean\u2013Lithosphere\u2013Atmosphere\u2013Ionosphere Coupling Related to Two Strong Earthquakes Occurring in June\u2013September 2022 on the Sea Coast of Philippines and Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xitong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"},{"name":"British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8673-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1134\/S001679321904008X","article-title":"Deterministic variability of the ionosphere on the eve of strong (M \u2265 6) earthquakes in the regions of Greece and Italy according to long-term measurements data","volume":"59","author":"Davidenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomagn. 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