{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:34:59Z","timestamp":1771468499866,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Leading Goose Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["No. 2023C02035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023C02035"]}]},{"name":"Leading Goose Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["32201553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32201553"]}]},{"name":"Leading Goose Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["32171785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171785"]}]},{"name":"Leading Goose Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["No. 2022JBGS02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022JBGS02"]}]},{"name":"Leading Goose Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["No. 2021LFR029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021LFR029"]}]},{"name":"Leading Goose Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province","award":["No. 2021C02005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021C02005"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 2023C02035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023C02035"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32201553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32201553"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32171785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171785"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 2022JBGS02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022JBGS02"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 2021LFR029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021LFR029"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 2021C02005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021C02005"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Project of Baishanzu National Park","award":["No. 2023C02035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023C02035"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Project of Baishanzu National Park","award":["32201553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32201553"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Project of Baishanzu National Park","award":["32171785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171785"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Project of Baishanzu National Park","award":["No. 2022JBGS02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022JBGS02"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Project of Baishanzu National Park","award":["No. 2021LFR029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021LFR029"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Project of Baishanzu National Park","award":["No. 2021C02005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021C02005"]}]},{"name":"Talent launching project of scientific research and development fund of Zhejiang A &amp; F University","award":["No. 2023C02035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023C02035"]}]},{"name":"Talent launching project of scientific research and development fund of Zhejiang A &amp; F University","award":["32201553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32201553"]}]},{"name":"Talent launching project of scientific research and development fund of Zhejiang A &amp; F University","award":["32171785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171785"]}]},{"name":"Talent launching project of scientific research and development fund of Zhejiang A &amp; F University","award":["No. 2022JBGS02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022JBGS02"]}]},{"name":"Talent launching project of scientific research and development fund of Zhejiang A &amp; F University","award":["No. 2021LFR029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021LFR029"]}]},{"name":"Talent launching project of scientific research and development fund of Zhejiang A &amp; F University","award":["No. 2021C02005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021C02005"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["No. 2023C02035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023C02035"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["32201553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32201553"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["32171785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171785"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["No. 2022JBGS02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022JBGS02"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["No. 2021LFR029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021LFR029"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["No. 2021C02005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021C02005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate individual tree detection by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a critical technique for smart forest management and serves as the foundation for evaluating ecological functions. Existing object detection and segmentation methods, on the other hand, have reduced accuracy when detecting and segmenting individual trees in complicated urban forest landscapes, as well as poor mask segmentation quality. This study proposes a novel Mask-CSP-attention-coupled network (MCAN) based on the Mask R-CNN algorithm. MCAN uses the Cross Stage Partial Net (CSPNet) framework with the Sigmoid Linear Unit (SiLU) activation function in the backbone network to form a new Cross Stage Partial Residual Net (CSPResNet) and employs a convolutional block attention module (CBAM) mechanism to the feature pyramid network (FPN) for feature fusion and multiscale segmentation to further improve the feature extraction ability of the model, enhance its detail information detection ability, and improve its individual tree detection accuracy. In this study, aerial photography of the study area was conducted by UAVs, and the acquired images were used to produce a dataset for training and validation. The method was compared with the Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN), Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN), and You Only Look Once v5 (YOLOv5) on the test set. In addition, four scenes\u2014namely, a dense forest distribution, building forest intersection, street trees, and active plaza vegetation\u2014were set up, and the improved segmentation network was used to perform individual tree segmentation on these scenes to test the large-scale segmentation ability of the model. MCAN\u2019s average precision (AP) value for individual tree identification is 92.40%, which is 3.7%, 3.84%, and 12.53% better than that of Mask R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, and YOLOv5, respectively. In comparison to Mask R-CNN, the segmentation AP value is 97.70%, an increase of 8.9%. The segmentation network\u2019s precision for the four scenes in multi-scene segmentation ranges from 95.55% to 92.33%, showing that the proposed network performs high-precision segmentation in many contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T07:57:17Z","timestamp":1694159837000},"page":"4420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["A Deep Learning Network for Individual Tree Segmentation in UAV Images with a Coupled CSPNet and Attention Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lujin","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}]},{"given":"Xuejian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}]},{"given":"Fangjie","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}]},{"given":"Lv","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}]},{"given":"Yinyin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}]},{"given":"Jiacong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}]},{"given":"Meixuan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6765-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaqiang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.03.019","article-title":"Carbon storage and sequestration by trees in urban and community areas of the United States","volume":"178","author":"Nowak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. 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