{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T02:13:34Z","timestamp":1768011214143,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["CEECIND\/00459\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00459\/2018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/00459\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00459\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salt marshes are highly important wetlands; however, external pressures are causing their widespread deterioration and loss. Continuous monitoring of their extent is paramount for the preservation and recovery of deteriorated and threatened salt marshes. In general, moderate-resolution satellite remote sensing data allow for the accurate detection of salt marsh shorelines; however, their detection in narrow and fringing salt marshes remains challenging. This study aims to evaluate the ability of Landsat-5 (TM), Landsat-7 (ETM+), and Sentinel-2 (MSI) data to be used to accurately determine the shoreline of narrow and fringing salt marshes, focusing on three regions of the Aveiro lagoon in Mira, \u00cdlhavo and S. Jacinto channels. Shorelines were determined considering the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and the accuracy of this methodology was evaluated against reference shorelines by computing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Once validated, the method was used to determine historical salt marsh shorelines, and rates of change between 1984 and 2022 were quantified and analyzed in the three locations. Results evidence that the 30 m resolution Landsat data accurately describe the salt marsh shoreline (RMSE~15 m) and that the accuracy is maintained when increasing the spatial resolution through pan-sharpening or when using 10 m resolution Sentinel-2 (MSI) data. These also show that the salt marshes of the \u00cdlhavo and S. Jacinto channels evolved similarly, with salt marsh shoreline stability before 2000 followed by retreats after this year. At the end of the four decades of study, an average retreat of 66.23 \u00b1 1.03 m and 46.62 \u00b1 0.83 m was found, respectively. In contrast to these salt marshes and to the expected evolution, the salt marsh of the Mira Channel showed retreats before 2000, followed by similar progressions after this year, resulting in an average 2.33 \u00b1 1.18 m advance until 2022.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T03:54:06Z","timestamp":1694490846000},"page":"4475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessing Shoreline Changes in Fringing Salt Marshes from Satellite Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas J.","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0872-1289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina L.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-6593.2010.00243.x","article-title":"A Review of Salt Marsh Dynamics","volume":"25","author":"Townend","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Environ. J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ameixa, O.M.C.C., and Sousa, A.I. (2020). Life Below Water. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Springer."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4534","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4050","article-title":"Assessing Salt Marsh Loss and Degradation by Combining Long-Term LANDSAT Imagery and Numerical Modelling","volume":"32","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41225","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41225","article-title":"\u201cBlue Carbon\u201d and Nutrient Stocks of Salt Marshes at a Temperate Coastal Lagoon (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal)","volume":"7","author":"Sousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1478","article-title":"Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for Assessing Carbon Stocks and Emissions Factors in Mangroves, Tidal Salt Marshes, and Seagrasses","volume":"87","author":"Howard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Union Conserv. Nat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JF003900","article-title":"Revisiting Salt Marsh Resilience to Sea Level Rise: Are Ponds Responsible for Permanent Land Loss?","volume":"121","author":"Mariotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2015.11.007","article-title":"Coastal Lagoons and Rising Sea Level: A Review","volume":"154","author":"Carrasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148082","article-title":"Past and Future Marsh Adaptation: Lessons Learned from the Ria Formosa Lagoon","volume":"790","author":"Carrasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"583","article-title":"Rapid Deterioration of a Salt Marsh in Venice Lagoon, Italy","volume":"14","author":"Day","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.381","article-title":"Evaluation of Long-Term Estuarine Vegetation Changes through Landsat Imagery","volume":"653","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2021.107664","article-title":"Exploring Open-Source Multispectral Satellite Remote Sensing as a Tool to Map Long-Term Evolution of Salt Marsh Shorelines","volume":"266","author":"Blount","year":"2022","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111939","article-title":"Assessing Salt Marsh Extent and Condition Changes with 35 Years of Landsat Imagery: Tagus Estuary Case Study","volume":"247","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.04.009","article-title":"Extracting the Intertidal Extent and Topography of the Australian Coastline from a 28 Year Time Series of Landsat Observations","volume":"195","author":"Sagar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4113417","article-title":"Continental Scale Mapping of Tidal Flats across East Asia Using the Landsat Archive","volume":"4","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2011.05.006","article-title":"Automatic Detection of Shoreline Change on Coastal Ramsar Wetlands of Turkey","volume":"38","author":"Kuleli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laengner, M.L., Siteur, K., and van der Wal, D. (2019). Trends in the Seaward Extent of Saltmarshes across Europe from Long-Term Satellite Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141653"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, J.M., Pereira, F., Picado, A., Lopes, C.L., Pinheiro, J.P., Lopes, S.M., and Pinho, P.G. (2021). A Comprehensive Estuarine Hydrodynamics-Salinity Study: Impact of Morphologic Changes on Ria de Aveiro (Atlantic Coast of Portugal). J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9020234"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouveia, M.M., Magni, N.N., Lopes, C.L., Ribeiro, A.S., Dias, J.M., and Silva, H. (2023). The Importance of Soil Elevation and Hydroperiods in Salt Marsh Vegetation Zonation: A Case Study of Ria de Aveiro. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13074605"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-1784(00)87681-1","article-title":"Hydrological Characterisation of Ria de Aveiro, Portugal, in Early Summer","volume":"22","author":"Dias","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2013.04.005","article-title":"Tagus Estuary and Ria de Aveiro Salt Marsh Dynamics and the Impact of Sea Level Rise","volume":"130","author":"Valentim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., and Deering, D.W. (1973, January 10\u201314). Monitoring Vegetation Systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. Proceedings of the Third Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 Symposium, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Laben, C.A., and Brower, B.V. (2000). Process for Enhancing the Spatial Resolution of Multispectral Imagery Using Pan-Sharpening. (US6011875A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2361734","article-title":"A Critical Comparison Among Pansharpening Algorithms","volume":"53","author":"Vivone","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, E.G., Wong, S., Milton, A., Sclauzero, J., Whittenbury, H., and McDonnell, M.D. (2020). The Impact of Pan-Sharpening and Spectral Resolution on Vineyard Segmentation through Machine Learning. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12060934"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2007.896328","article-title":"On the Performance Evaluation of Pan-Sharpening Techniques","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.904923","article-title":"Comparison of Pansharpening Algorithms: Outcome of the 2006 GRS-S Data Fusion Contest","volume":"45","author":"Alparone","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2011-79","article-title":"A Survey of Classical Methods and New Trends in Pansharpening of Multispectral Images","volume":"2011","author":"Amro","year":"2011","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farris, A.S., Defne, Z., and Ganju, N.K. (2019). Identifying Salt Marsh Shorelines from Remotely Sensed Elevation Data and Imagery. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11151795"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-6-239-2018","article-title":"Unsupervised Detection of Salt Marsh Platforms: A Topographic Method","volume":"6","author":"Goodwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Oliveira, A., Fortunato, A.B., and Dias, J.M. (2007). Coastal Engineering 2006, World Scientific Publishing Co."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2010.08.012","article-title":"Tidal Changes in Estuarine Systems Induced by Local Geomorphologic Modifications","volume":"30","author":"Picado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2015.05.043","article-title":"Tidal Dynamics in a Changing Lagoon: Flooding or Not Flooding the Marginal Regions","volume":"167","author":"Lopes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.2112\/SI65-196.1","article-title":"Influence of Morphological Changes in a Lagoon Flooding Extension: Case Study of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal)","volume":"165","author":"Lopes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siemes, R.W.A., Borsje, B.W., Daggenvoorde, R.J., and Hulscher, S.J.M.H. (2020). Artificial Structures Steer Morphological Development of Salt Marshes: A Model Study. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8050326"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"APA, S.A. (2023, July 15). Porto de Aveiro 2020. Available online: https:\/\/portodeaveiro.pt\/uploads\/2022-01-18-10-57-09-Relatorio-Sustentabilidade-APA-2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165544","article-title":"Top Ten Priorities for Global Saltmarsh Restoration, Conservation and Ecosystem Service Research","volume":"898","author":"McKinley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1890\/10-1510.1","article-title":"The Value of Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem Services","volume":"81","author":"Barbier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.10050","article-title":"A Framework Linking Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being: Saltmarsh as a Case Study","volume":"1","author":"Garbutt","year":"2019","journal-title":"People Nat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2020.106840","article-title":"Uses and Management of Saltmarshes: A Global Survey","volume":"243","author":"McKinley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-016-9454-x","article-title":"The Role of Seagrass Meadows, Mangrove Forests, Salt Marshes and Reed Beds as Nursery Areas and Food Sources for Fishes in Estuaries","volume":"27","author":"Whitfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.11.001","article-title":"Dynamic Interactions between Coastal Storms and Salt Marshes: A Review","volume":"301","author":"Leonardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0476-5","article-title":"Future Response of Global Coastal Wetlands to Sea-Level Rise","volume":"561","author":"Schuerch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2251","article-title":"Wave Attenuation over Coastal Salt Marshes under Storm Surge Conditions","volume":"7","author":"Kudella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2021.100060","article-title":"Salt Marsh Sediments Act as Sinks for Microplastics and Reveal Effects of Current and Historical Land Use Changes","volume":"4","author":"Lloret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, J.L., and Zavaleta, E.S. (2012). Salt Marsh as a Coastal Filter for the Oceans: Changes in Function with Experimental Increases in Nitrogen Loading and Sea-Level Rise. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038558"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-022-01155-w","article-title":"Carbon Stocks in Vegetation and Soil and Their Relationship with Plant Community Traits in a Mediterranean Non-Tidal Salt Marsh","volume":"46","author":"Verdaguer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.104331","article-title":"The Role of Soil as a Carbon Sink in Coastal Salt-Marsh and Agropastoral Systems at La Pletera, NE Spain","volume":"185","author":"Gispert","year":"2020","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153313","article-title":"Quantification of Blue Carbon in Tropical Salt Marshes and Their Role in Climate Change Mitigation","volume":"820","author":"Perera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05355-z","article-title":"Global Hotspots of Salt Marsh Change and Carbon Emissions","volume":"612","author":"Campbell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheppard, C. (2019). World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100853-9.09988-7"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"43","article-title":"An Integrated Approach to Prevent the Erosion of Salt Marshes in the Lagoon of Venice","volume":"18","author":"Barausse","year":"2015","journal-title":"EQA Int. J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.11.019","article-title":"Beneficial Use of Dredged Sediment to Enhance Salt Marsh Development by Applying a \u2018Mud Motor\u2019","volume":"127","author":"Baptist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-8574(98)00061-5","article-title":"Restoring Marsh Elevation in a Rapidly Subsiding Salt Marsh by Thin-Layer Deposition of Dredged Material1Mention of Trade Names or Commercial Products Does Not Constitute an Endorsement or Recommendation for Use by the US Government.1","volume":"12","author":"Ford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2003.09.006","article-title":"Sediment Subsidy: Effects on Soil\u2013Plant Responses in a Rapidly Submerging Coastal Salt Marsh","volume":"21","author":"Mendelssohn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1890\/09-2128.1","article-title":"Controls on Resilience and Stability in a Sediment-Subsidized Salt Marsh","volume":"21","author":"Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2012.12.010","article-title":"Salt Marsh Restoration with Sediment-Slurry Application: Effects on Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Associated Soil\u2013Plant Variables","volume":"51","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JF005200","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JF005200","article-title":"Salt Marsh Dynamics in a Period of Accelerated Sea Level Rise","volume":"125","author":"Fagherazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90106-X","article-title":"A Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)","volume":"25","author":"Huete","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90134-1","article-title":"A Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index","volume":"48","author":"Qi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00031911","article-title":"GEMI: A Non-Linear Index to Monitor Global Vegetation from Satellites","volume":"101","author":"Pinty","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24018","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24018","article-title":"Land Claim and Loss of Tidal Flats in the Yangtze Estuary","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2018.08.007","article-title":"Classification Mapping of Salt Marsh Vegetation by Flexible Monthly NDVI Time-Series Using Landsat Imagery","volume":"213","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3934\/environsci.2017.5.677","article-title":"Mapping Salt Marsh Dieback and Condition in South Carolina\u2019s North Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Using Remote Sensing","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIMSES"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12261","article-title":"Satellite Remote Sensing for Applied Ecologists: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"51","author":"Pettorelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2023, May 13). Polis Ria de Aveiro Transposi\u00e7\u00e3o de Sedimentos Para Otimiza\u00e7\u00e3o Do Equil\u00edbrio Hidrodin\u00e2mico Na Regi\u00e3o de Aveiro. Available online: http:\/\/www.polisriadeaveiro.pt\/obras\/index.php?w=4."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/18\/4475\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:49:19Z","timestamp":1760129359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/18\/4475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15184475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15184475","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]}}}