{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T01:50:57Z","timestamp":1775785857268,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003193","name":"Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic KEGA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KEGA No. 003TUKE-4\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEGA No. 003TUKE-4\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003193","name":"Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic KEGA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA No.1\/0340\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA No.1\/0340\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geodetic methods are integral to mapping surface and subsurface objects and phenomena. Modern geodetic technologies such as laser scanning and digital photogrammetry have also become a standard part of the mapping and documentation of cave spaces. In some cases, these technologies cannot accurately capture the measured surface and thus provide reliable data. One such example is the ice with specific surface characteristics in caves with ice deposits. One of the world\u2019s most studied ice caves is the Dob\u0161in\u00e1 Ice Cave (Slovakia), which has undergone significant changes in the ice-filling area and volume in recent years. To monitor and analyze all these changes properly, we need to know the surface and volume of this ice mass and monitor it regularly. Where modern geodetic methods such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or digital photogrammetry may fail due to the ice\u2019s physical properties, we propose using cross-polarized Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry. As a case study, this method was used in a 28 m long ice tunnel in this cave. Two polarizing filters (on the flash as a light source and on the camera lens) were used in 90\u00b0 rotation to each other to achieve the cross-polarization effect and remove surface reflections. This removed the surface reflections, giving us a compact and accurate point cloud of the entire tunnel. The dense cloud from cross-polarized (CP) photogrammetry is denser and more compact and does not contain as many outliers and noise points when compared to non-cross-polarized (non-CP) photogrammetry. The TLS point cloud covers the entire surface of the tunnel without significant holes; however, the penetration of the beam through the ice makes such a cloud unusable. Only the cloud from CP photogrammetry covers the entire surface of the tunnel densely enough without additional noise. This methodology can then be used in other parts of the cave or other geomorphological applications to suppress reflections so high-quality results for further processing and analysis can be obtained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T03:54:06Z","timestamp":1694490846000},"page":"4481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cross-Polarized SfM Photogrammetry for the Spatial Reconstruction of Challenging Surfaces, the Case Study of Dob\u0161in\u00e1 Ice Cave (Slovakia)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Barto\u0161","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and GIS, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, Park Komensk\u00e9ho 19, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7332-7691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katar\u00edna","family":"Pukansk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and GIS, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, Park Komensk\u00e9ho 19, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0719-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u013dubom\u00edr","family":"Kse\u0148ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and GIS, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, Park Komensk\u00e9ho 19, 040 01 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9060-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juraj","family":"Ga\u0161inec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Mine Surveying, Faculty of Mining and Geology, V\u0160B Technical University Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 70800 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Education, Catholic University in Ru\u017eomberok, Hrabovsk\u00e1 Cesta 1, 031 04 Ru\u017eomberok, Slovakia"},{"name":"State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic, Slovak Caves Administration, Hod\u017eova 11, 031 01 Liptovsk\u00fd Mikul\u00e1\u0161, Slovakia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salach, A., Baku\u0142a, K., Pilarska, M., Ostrowski, W., G\u00f3rski, K., and Kurczy\u0144ski, Z. (2018). Accuracy assessment of point clouds from Lidar and dense image matching acquired using the UAV platform for DTM creation. ISPRS Int. J. 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