{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T07:59:58Z","timestamp":1775548798508,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Major Special Projects","award":["22ZD6FA004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZD6FA004"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Major Special Projects","award":["2019QZKK0905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0905"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibet Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program","award":["22ZD6FA004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZD6FA004"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibet Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program","award":["2019QZKK0905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Permafrost areas are sensitive to climate change and have a significant impact on energy and water cycles. Ground ice is a crucial component on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Understanding the environmental characteristics of ground ice is vital for accurately modeling its distribution and evolution. In this study, we analyzed 15 environmental characteristics of high ice-content permafrost sites. These attributes were extracted from 400 high ice-content permafrost datasets including 300 drilling boreholes and 100 thaw slumps collected throughout the entire plateau using large-scale remote sensing data and their products. The results are as follows: The mean annual air temperature in areas where high ice-content permafrost exists ranges from \u22125 to \u22123.5 \u00b0C, with an average warming rate of 0.08 \u00b0C\/a. Additionally, there was an average increase in precipitation of about 25 mm\/10a and an increase in soil moisture of about 4%\/10a. Geomorphology strongly influences the occurrence of high ice content permafrost, with 85% of high ice-content permafrost development at altitudes between 4400 and 5100 m. Approximately 86% of high ice-content permafrost were developed in lowland or relatively flat areas, preferably in gently sloping and shady slope regions. Soils exhibit less variability in clay particles and more variability in silt and sand. Key indicators in the high ice content permafrost region include warming rate, active layer thickness, elevation, bulk density, soil thickness, clay content, precipitation, soil moisture, and NDVI. High ice-content permafrost is the result of a combination of environmental factors and is expected to undergo significant changes in the future. This study provides a foundation for comprehending the environmental changes in the high ice-content permafrost areas and modeling the distribution of ground ice. It underscores the urgent need to address the significant environmental changes faced by high ice-content permafrost regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T05:08:21Z","timestamp":1694581701000},"page":"4496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Environmental Characteristics of High Ice-Content Permafrost on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5266-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingwen","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yanhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xining Integrated Natural Resources Survey Centre, China Geological Survey (CGS), Xining 810099, China"}]},{"given":"Fujun","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Wenjiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xuyang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2425-7981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zekun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xining Integrated Natural Resources Survey Centre, China Geological Survey (CGS), Xining 810099, China"}]},{"given":"Zhanju","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/10889370802175895","article-title":"Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the northern hemisphere","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polar Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00568-6","article-title":"Permafrost degradation increases risk and large future costs of infrastructure on the Third Pole","volume":"3","author":"Ran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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