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As a comprehensive study on the CI mechanisms of extreme rainstorms over the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains (KLM), Xinjiang, based on both observational and high tempo-spatial numerical simulation, the major findings of this work are as follows: A cold pool (CP) was formed in the northwestern Tarim Basin under the influence of early precipitation evaporation, and it moved towards the northern slope of the KLM several hours before the CI. With the movement of the CP, a significant vertical temperature gradient was formed close to the leading edge of the CP, thereby enhancing local convective instability (up to ~10 PVU). In addition, the vertical shear of the horizontal winds at the leading edge of the CP led to a notable increase in the baroclinic component of moist potential vorticity, thus reinforcing the local conditional symmetric instability (up to ~8 PVU), providing another important unstable energy for the CI. In addition, the combined effect of the convergent lifting of a boundary layer jet (BLJ, the maximum wind speed below 1 km exceeding 10 m s\u22121) and the significant frontogenetical forcing (up to ~100 \u00d7 10\u22128 K m\u22121 s\u22121) at the leading edge of the CP were the causes of the release of the unstable energies. Further analysis of the frontogenetical forcing associated with the CP indicates that the convergence (up to ~2 \u00d7 10\u22123 s\u22121), diabatic heating and slantwise terms (indicates the baroclinicity and inhomogeneity of the vertical momentum in horizontal direction) were the major contributors, whereas the deformation term at the leading edge of the CP provided a relatively weaker contribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T10:00:23Z","timestamp":1694685623000},"page":"4505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Case Study on the Convection Initiation Mechanisms of an Extreme Rainstorm over the Northern Slope of Kunlun Mountains, Xinjiang, Northwest China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8302-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abuduwaili","family":"Abulikemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2700-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junqiang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7335-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mamtimin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianmei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Field Scientific Observation Base of Cloud Precipitation Physics in West Tianshan Mountains, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Cloud Precipitation Physics and Cloud Water Resources Development Laboratory, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Field Scientific Observation Base of Cloud Precipitation Physics in West Tianshan Mountains, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Cloud Precipitation Physics and Cloud Water Resources Development Laboratory, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Meteorological Observatory, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Meteorological Observatory, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2022.100545","article-title":"Flash Floods and Landslides in the City of Recife, Northeast Brazil after Heavy Rain on May 25\u201328, 2022: Causes, Impacts, and Disaster Preparedness","volume":"39","author":"Marengo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Weather Clim. 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