{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:53:59Z","timestamp":1762300439523,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","award":["325025","2023137","HYKJXMZ-202002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["325025","2023137","HYKJXMZ-202002"]}]},{"name":"the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["325025","2023137","HYKJXMZ-202002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["325025","2023137","HYKJXMZ-202002"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Key Project of China Huayun Group","award":["325025","2023137","HYKJXMZ-202002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["325025","2023137","HYKJXMZ-202002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we used Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aerosol products acquired from 2006 to 2016 to identify global long-range aerosol transport pathways, including the trans-Atlantic, the trans-Pacific, and the trans-Arabian Sea pathways. Deep analyses were subsequently conducted focusing on two significant paths within the range of the trans-Pacific transport pathway, from which we generated a three-stage conceptual model mainly identifying aerosols from the Taklimakan Desert and aerosols from the North China Plain. The results show that in the first stage of the model, the dust or polluted-dust aerosols were emitted, raised, and mixed within the planetary boundary layer (PBL), characterized by high percentages (&gt;70%) of aerosols in the PBL (AODPBL), while in the second stage, some aerosols were further raised into the free troposphere where the AODPBL percentages decreased to less than 40%, driven by vertical movements and turbulences; in the last stage, the aerosols gradually settled back to the surface layer due to gravity and wet deposition, inferred by increasing AODPBL percentages. We demonstrated that the proposed model is capable of characterizing different aerosol types and climate conditions on spatiotemporal scales, providing a straightforward and evident approach to exploring long-range aerosol transport pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T23:32:27Z","timestamp":1694993547000},"page":"4537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Identification and Analysis of Long-Range Aerosol Transport Pathways with Layered Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization Datasets from 2006 to 2016"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4031-2303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wensheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Baolei","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huayun Sounding Meteorology Technology Corporation, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Xiong\u2019an Atmospheric Boundary Layer Key Laboratory, Xiong\u2019an 071000, China"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3866-1168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yilun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4630-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuqi","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.05.006","article-title":"Visibility trends in six megacities in China 1973\u20132007","volume":"94","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03745","article-title":"Estimates of health impacts and radiative forcing in winter haze in eastern China through constraints of surface PM2.5 predictions","volume":"51","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.073","article-title":"Long-range and regional transported size-resolved atmospheric aerosols during summertime in urban Shanghai","volume":"583","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1125-2005","article-title":"The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM","volume":"5","author":"Stier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-1701-2010","article-title":"A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system","volume":"10","author":"Carslaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50441","article-title":"Natural aerosol direct and indirect radiative effects","volume":"40","author":"Rap","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-4321-2006","article-title":"Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom","volume":"6","author":"Dentener","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.248","article-title":"Mortality effects assessment of ambient PM2.5 pollution in the 74 leading cities of China","volume":"569\u2013570","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2013.11.001","article-title":"PM2.5 in China: Measurements, sources, visibility and health effects, and mitigation","volume":"13","author":"Pui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.12.010","article-title":"Quantification of trans-Atlantic dust transport from seven-year (2007\u20132013) record of CALIPSO lidar measurements","volume":"159","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-363-2019","article-title":"Climatology in Asian dust activation and transport based on MISR satellite observations and trajectory analysis","volume":"1","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadley, O.L., Ramanathan, V., Carmichael, G.R., Tang, Y., Corrigan, C.E., Roberts, G.C., and Mauger, G.S. (2007). Trans-Pacific transport of black carbon and fine aerosols (D < 2.5 \u03bcm) into North America. J. Geophys. Res., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007632"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1725-2016","article-title":"Trans-Pacific transport and evolution of aerosols: Evaluation of quasi-global WRF-Chem simulation with multiple observations","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13534","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD030822","article-title":"Asian and trans-Pacific Dust: A Multimodel and Multiremote Sensing Observation Analysis","volume":"124","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ali, P., Joseph, P., and Arash, S. (2015). Geochemical Fingerprinting of Trans-Atlantic African Dust Based on Radiogenic Sr-Nd-Hf Isotopes and Rare Earth Element Anomalies. Geophys. Res. Abstr., 17."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Remer, L.A., Chin, M., Bian, H., Kleidman, R.G., and Diehl, T. (2008). A satellite-based assessment of transpacific transport of pollution aerosol. J. Geophys. Res., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009349"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7975","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD030574","article-title":"Estimates of African Dust Deposition Along the Trans-Atlantic Transit Using the Decadelong Record ofAerosol Measurements from CALIOP, MODIS, MISR, and IASI","volume":"124","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1029\/2006EO500001","article-title":"Measuring Trans-Atlantic aerosol transport from Africa","volume":"87","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.05.038","article-title":"Application of satellite observations in con-junction with aerosol reanalysis to characterize long-range transport of African and Asian dust on air quality in the contiguous U.S","volume":"187","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1523","article-title":"The climatology of dust aerosol over the arabian peninsula","volume":"15","author":"Shalaby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/268713a0","article-title":"The Asian source of Arctic haze bands","volume":"268","author":"Rahn","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, P., and Dey, S. (2021). Crop burning and forest fires: Long-term effect on adolescent height in India. Atmos. Res., 65.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reseneeco.2021.101244"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12690-7","article-title":"The shadow economy in South Asia: Dynamic effects on clean energy consumption and environmental pollution","volume":"28","author":"Sohail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7306","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01117","article-title":"Fusion Method Combining Ground-Level Observations with Chemical Transport Model Predictions Using an Ensemble Deep Learning Framework: Application in China to Estimate Spatiotemporally-Resolved PM2.5 Exposure Fields in 2014\u20132017","volume":"53","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.017","article-title":"Global trends of columnar and vertically distributed properties of aerosols with emphasis on dust, polluted dust and smoke\u2014Inferences from 10-year long CALIOP observations","volume":"208","author":"Mehta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo583","article-title":"Asian dust transported one full circuit around the globe","volume":"2","author":"Uno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217576","article-title":"Aerosols from Overseas Rival Domestic Emissions over North America","volume":"337","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9513","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-9513-2022","article-title":"Measurement report: On the contribution of long-distance transport to the secondary aerosol formation and aging","volume":"22","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3605.1","article-title":"A Simulated Climatology of Asian Dust Aerosol and Its Trans-Pacific Transport. Part I: Mean Climate and Validation","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2016.12.0573","article-title":"Observed and Modeled Mass Concentrations of Organic Aerosols and PM2.5 at Three Remote Sites around the East China Sea: Roles of Chemical Aging","volume":"17","author":"Kanaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7233","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-7233-2019","article-title":"Ozone and carbon monoxide observations over open oceans on R\/V Mirai from 67\u00b0S to 75\u00b0N during 2012 to 2017: Testing global chemical reanalysis in terms of Arctic processes, low ozone levels at low latitudes, and pollution transport","volume":"19","author":"Kanaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-6339-2020","article-title":"Rapid reduction in black carbon emissions from China: Evidence from 2009\u20132019 observations on Fukue Island, Japan","volume":"20","author":"Kanaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-3137-2009","article-title":"Trans-pacific dust transport: Integrated analysis of NASA\/CALIPSO and a global aerosol transport model","volume":"9","author":"Eguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, L., Yang, X., Zhao, T., He, Q., Mamtimin, A., Wang, M., Huo, W., Yang, F., Zhou, C., and Pan, H. (2020). Simulated regional transport structures and budgets of dust aerosols during a typical springtime dust storm in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China. Atmos. Res., 238.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.104892"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7709","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7709-2018","article-title":"How much of the global aerosol optical depth is found in the boundary layer and free troposphere?","volume":"18","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Lyu, B., and Bai, Y. (2021). Global aerosol vertical structure analysis by clustering gridded CALIOP aerosol profiles with fuzzy k-means. Sci. Total Environ., 761.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144076"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukurov, K.A., Simonenkov, D.V., Nevzorov, A.V., Rashki, A., Hamzeh, N.H., Abdullaev, S.F., Shukurova, L.M., and Chkhetiani, O.G. (2023). CALIOP-Based Evaluation of Dust Emissions and Long-Range Transport of the Dust from the Aral\u2212Caspian Arid Region by 3D-Source Potential Impact (3D-SPI) Method. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112819"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-4129-2018","article-title":"CALIPSO lidar level 3 aerosol profile product: Version 3 algorithm design","volume":"11","author":"Tackett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","article-title":"The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system","volume":"137","author":"Dee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"295","article-title":"An overview of the HYSPLIT 4 modeling system for trajectories, dispersion, and deposition","volume":"47","author":"Draxler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-2441-2009","article-title":"Development of a global model of mineral dust aerosol microphysics","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, R.L., Tegen, I., and Perlwitz, J. (2004). Surface radiative forcing by soil dust aerosols and the hydrologic cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004085"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Lyu, B., and Bai, Y. (2020). Aerosol vertical profile variations with seasons, air mass movements and local PM2.5 levels in three large China cities. Atmos. Environ., 224.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117329"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)62074-4","article-title":"Long range trans-Pacific transport and deposition of Asian dust aerosols","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1997.0368","article-title":"Aerosols over the Arabian Sea: Geochemistry and source areas for aeolian desert dust","volume":"39","author":"Pease","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Arid. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9411","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-9411-2018","article-title":"Impact of long-range transport over the Atlantic Ocean on Saharan dust optical and microphysical properties based on AERONET data","volume":"18","author":"Mateos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.07.062","article-title":"Trans-Pacific transport of dust aerosols from East Asia: Insights gained from multiple observations and modeling","volume":"230","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11429","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03680","article-title":"Wet deposition in a global size-dependent aerosol transport model: 1. Comparison of a 1-year 210Pb simulation with ground measurements","volume":"103","author":"Guelle","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-545-2008","article-title":"Surface observation of sand and dust storm in East Asia and its application in CUACE\/Dust","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8353","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-8353-2018","article-title":"East Asian dust storm in May 2017: Observations, modeling, and its influence on the Asia-Pacific region","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/18\/4537\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:51:37Z","timestamp":1760129497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/18\/4537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15184537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15184537","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]}}}