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for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022YFC2807200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2807200"]}]},{"name":"Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42374204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42374204"]}]},{"name":"Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["42004134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004134"]}]},{"name":"Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["183311KYSB20200003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["183311KYSB20200003"]}]},{"name":"Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["ZDYF2021GXJS040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2021GXJS040"]}]},{"name":"Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["YSBR-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report an all-solid-state narrowband lidar system for the simultaneous detection of Ca and Ca+ layers over Yanqing (40.41\u00b0N, 116.01\u00b0E). The uniqueness of this lidar lies in its transmitter, which is based on optical parametric oscillation (OPO) and optical parametric amplification (OPA) techniques. The injection seeded OPO and the OPA are pumped by the second harmonic of an injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser, which can generate coherent light at the wavelength of 786 nm or 846 nm lasers, whose second harmonics in turn generate the 393 nm or 423 nm pulses, respectively, for the detection of thermospheric and ionospheric Ca+ and Ca layers. Compared to the conventional dye-based system, this lidar transmitter is a narrowband system (bandwidth &lt; 200 MHz), which has produced a factor of two more output power with higher stability and reliability. The lidar system in Yingqing demonstrated Ca+ detection sensitivity of 0.1 atoms-cm\u22123 for long-term observation and reached a height of ~300 km. Potential applications and further improvements in this lidar technique are also discussed in this paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T23:32:27Z","timestamp":1694993547000},"page":"4566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The All-Solid-State Narrowband Lidar Developed by Optical Parametric Oscillator\/Amplifier (OPO\/OPA) Technology for Simultaneous Detection of the Ca and Ca+ Layers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lifang","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China"}]},{"given":"Xuewu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6435-5914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0885-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchang","family":"Xun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Zhishan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Jiqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Guotao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/01442359109353254","article-title":"The chemistry of meteoric metals in the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere","volume":"10","author":"Plane","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. 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